These mixed Th1/Th2 responses might explain the unbiased IgG1/2a ratio of anti-FliC induced by LCFS-immunization. In contrast to this reaction, the cells from mice immunized with FliC plus cSipC exhibited mainly Th2-type cytokine production. Greater amounts of IL-4 and IL-5 were produced by FliC-stimulation, and IL-4 and IL-10 AZD8055 chemical structure were also induced by cSipC-stimulation. Notably, IL-12 was also released by stimulation with both FliC and cSipC. Modulators Therefore, these immune responses were mixed Th1/Th2-type although they were different from the immune responses by LCFS-immunization. The present

study demonstrated that FliC and FliC-fused antigens displayed on the cell-surface of L. casei elicit innate immune responses in vitro and showed that immunogenicities of these recombinant lactobacilli were affected by the species and the physical position

of the antigens. It was also suggested that the adoptive immunity induced by the recombinant lactobacilli was mixed but mainly Th1-type. Because flagellin is considered to be a potential adjuvant, information provided in this study could be useful for designing of vaccines using lactobacilli as delivery agents. This study was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Luminespib in vitro Japan (Research on Food Safety) and partly by a grant from the Food Safety Commission of Japan. “
“Humoral

immune responses have been traditionally associated with protection against influenza. In all addition, T cell responses against influenza virus in humans have been extensively documented [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6] and [7] and their contribution to protection against influenza has been reported in humans and animal models [8], [9], [10], [11] and [12]. T cells specific for influenza may not only play a role in recovery from infection, but have also been found to be protective in the absence of a protective antibody titer [8] and [10]. Importantly in older adults, a population with increased susceptibility to influenza infection, measures of the T cell response to influenza virus have a better predictive value for protection against influenza than the antibody response [13] and [14]. The role of T cell-mediated immunity in protection against culture-confirmed influenza has also been demonstrated in infants and young children [15]. Moreover, children who died because of influenza infection lacked CD8+ T cells in the lungs, suggesting the importance of an adequately functioning cellular immune response against influenza [16]. T cell responses to the conserved epitopes within the types and subtypes of influenza contained in a vaccine may also provide cross-protective immunity against pandemic influenza [17], [18], [19] and [20].