K., Tokyo, Japan) and RevaTra Ace (TOYOBO http://www.selleckchem.com/products/epacadostat-incb024360.html Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Real-time PCR was performed using SYBR Premix Ex Taq™ (Takara Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan) and specific primers targeted for lactate dehydrogenase genes as follows: 5′- cta agg gtg ctg acg gtg tt -3′ (forward) and 5′- agc aat tgc gtc agg aga gt -3′ (reverse); 5′- tgt caa gca tgc caa atc at -3′ (forward)

and 5′- cac cct ttg tcc gat cct ta -3′ (reverse); 5′- atg gct act ggt ttc gat gg -3′ (forward) and 5′- atc aag cga agt acc gga tg -3′ (reverse); 5′- cac aag aaa tcg gga tcg tt -3′ (forward) and 5′- aac cag atc agc atc ctt gg -3′ (reverse); and 5′- acc aag aag tta agg aca tgg c -3′ (forward) and 5′- cct tag cga tca ttg ctg aag c -3′ (reverse). These primer sets were referred to in previous reports (Kim et al., 1991 and Smeianov et al., 2007) and designed by ourselves

according to a previous study (Date, Isaka, Sumino, Tsuneda, & Inamori, 2008). Assays were performed in triplicate using a Thermal Cycler Dice Real Time System (Takara Bio Inc.). The 1H NMR imaging was performed according to a previous report (Takase et al., 2011) on an NMR spectrometer (500 MHz) equipped with a superconducting magnet (11 T) and an imaging probe (Doty Scientific Inc., Columbia, SC, USA). Briefly, the proton density image technique buy E7080 was set to 0.2 ms of echo time and 1 s of repetition time as the parameters. Both the sampling number and the number of encoding steps were 256. The field of view of the image data was 5 mm2, and the resolution was 256 pixels per 5 mm. The NMR processing and control

software was Delta ver. 4.3-fcll for Linux (JEOL USA, Inc.), and Linux-based 1H NMR data were converted using Analyzeavw software (Biomedical Imaging Resource, Mayo Foundation). Polypropylene products were employed for all test tubes, pipette tips, and syringes. For ICP-OES and ICP-MS analysis, 50 mg of JBOVS were incubated Isotretinoin with 2 ml of methanol at 50 °C for 15 min in a Thermomixer comfort (Eppendorf Japan Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and then centrifuged (17,700g, 5 min). The residue was incubated with 2 ml of aqueous nitric acid (6.9% v/v) at 50 °C for 5 min and the supernatant was collected (this step was repeated three times). The combined supernatants (total 6 ml) were filtrated through a Millex GS filter (0.22 μm, Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) and the filtrate was used for ICP-OES and ICP-MS analysis. ICP-OES and ICP-MS analysis was performed on a SPS5510 and SPQ9700 (SII NanoTechnology, Chiba, Japan), respectively. The operations of ICP-OES were performed according to a previous study ( Sekiyama, Chikayama, & Kikuchi, 2011). The ICP-MS operating conditions were as follows: power 1.4 kW, plasma flow 16.5 l/min, and nebulizer flow 1 l/min. All 1D 1H NMR data were reduced by subdividing the spectra into sequential 0.04 ppm designated regions between 1H chemical shifts of 0.5–9.0 ppm.