Severe obesity may be associated with significant perioperative respiratory complications. This article reviews potential respiratory and sleep complications, screening, and management of these problems.”
“Dasatinib is approved for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in patients with resistance or intolerance to imatinib. This article reviews pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and clinical data on dasatinib, and highlights some of the most important issues that need to be addressed.

Imatinib and Autophagy inhibitor dasatinib both target the tyrosine kinase activity of the BCR/ABL oncogenic fusion protein. In terms of pharmacodynamics, the two agents differ in several ways: (i) dasatinib is >300-fold more potent than imatinib

in inhibiting BCR/ABL activity; (ii) inhibition profiles on other tyrosine kinases differ between imatinib and dasatinib; and (iii) dasatinib has other peculiar effects on the leukemogenic signaling, including activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and reduction of the apoptotic-inactive form of the BCL2-associated agonist of cell death (BAD) protein.

Recent pharmacodynamic data suggested combination therapy with dasatinib and PFTα mouse signaling inhibitors (e.g. flavopiridol, farnesyl transferase inhibitors, or histone deacetylase inhibitors) may be beneficial.

In contrast to other tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), dasatinib has a reduced half-life and no active metabolites.

In a randomized, open-label, phase III trial, dasatinib 100 mg once daily Selleck AZD1208 demonstrated similar efficacy and a better tolerability profile than 70 mg twice daily. This unexpected result has been confirmed in recent studies, in which a dose of dasatinib 100 mg once daily was sufficient to trigger apoptosis in leukemic cells. Furthermore, cytogenetic responses correlate with BCR/ABL inhibition.

Data suggest dasatinib 100 mg once daily achieves oncogenic shock and chronic inhibition of BCR/ABL activity, suggesting that in the future, pulse therapy with TKIs may be an option in some specific patients with CML.”
“The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental

programme that regulates embryonic morphogenesis and involves significant morphological and molecular changes in cells. Experimental models have revealed that EMT also contributes to various malignant features of cancer cells, including motile, invasive, anti-apoptotic and stem-like phenotypes. Clinically, correlative studies have indicated that mesenchymal-like features of tumour cells are associated with poor tumour differentiation as well as worse patient prognosis. Nevertheless, due to its transitory nature, demonstration of an actual occurrence of EMT during human carcinogenesis is challenging, and most of the evidence to date has been limited to breast and colorectal cancers. However, recent studies suggest that EMT may occur during lung cancer development, although such evidence is still limited.

Objectives: Selleck Napabucasin To describe ENB’s yield and safety profile. Methods: The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were systematically

searched for studies reporting ENB’s yield for peripheral lung lesions. Two independent investigators extracted data and rated each study on a scale of methodological quality. Clearly defined performance outcomes were reconstructed and meta-analyzed. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were used to identify possible sources of study heterogeneity. Results: A total of 15 trials were included (1,033 lung nodules). A positive and definitive diagnosis was obtained after 64.9% of all ENB procedures (95% CI 59.2-70.3). Overall diagnostic accuracy was 73.9% (95% CI 68.0-79.2). Sensitivity to detect cancer was 71.1% (95% CI 64.6-76.8), with a negative predictive value of 52.1% (95% CI 43.5-60.6). Pneumothorax occurred in 3.1% of patients,

requiring chest tube drainage learn more in 1.6% of these cases. Original trials identified 6 variables associated with higher ENB yields: nodule location in the upper or middle lobes, nodule size, lower registration error, presence of a bronchus sign on CT imaging, combined use of an ultrasonic radial probe, and catheter suctioning as a sampling technique. Heterogeneity exploration revealed that studies using general anesthesia or rapid on- site cytological evaluation reported better yields. Conclusions: ENB is effective and particularly safe. Prospective studies are needed to clarify the role of several variables conditioning the yield of this technique. (C) 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis is a useful method for identifying allele polymorphism; it provides co-dominant molecular markers. Using this method, we identified genetic variability in the third intron of the fibroin light chain gene, fib-L, in six Bombyx mori strains. Only Chinese C21A strain did not demonstrate allelic

alterations, showing only homoduplex DNA molecules. We found distinct heteroduplex profiles in the Japanese HAA, M12B and M19-2 and the Chinese C25B and C24-2 strains. Analysis with restriction endonuclease fingerprinting conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis demonstrated SN-38 in vitro the potential of this method for the identification of allelic variability in B. mori; this was confirmed by cloning and sequencing the different alleles. The main alteration was a 12-bp deletion in two alleles of the C24-2 strain and one allele of the HAA strain; this deletion results in specific heteroduplex DNA molecule profiles.”
“We present an analytical device model for a graphene bilayer field-effect transistor (GBL-FET) with a graphene bilayer as a channel and with back and top gates. The model accounts for the dependences of the electron and hole Fermi energies as well as energy gap in different sections of the channel on the bias back-gate and top-gate voltages.

Strouhal number (St), energy loss (EL), and vorticity were computed from CMR. Two correction models were evaluated: 1) based on the Gorlin equation (MPG(CMR-Gorlin)); 2) based on a multivariate regression model (MPG(CMR-Predicted)).

Results: MPG(CMR) underestimated MPG(TTE) (bias = -6.5 mmHg, limits of agreement from -18.3 to 5.2 mmHg). On multivariate regression analysis, GW4869 research buy St (p = 0.002), EL (p = 0.001), and mean systolic vorticity (p < 0.001) were independently associated with larger MPG discrepancies between CMR and TTE. MPG(CMR-Gorlin) and MPG(TTE) correlation and agreement

were r = 0.7; bias = -2.8 mmHg, limits of agreement from -18.4 to 12.9 mmHg. MPG(CMR-Predicted) model showed better correlation and agreement with MPG(TTE) (r = 0.82; bias = 0.5 mmHg, limits of agreement from -9.1 to 10.2 mmHg) than measured MPG(CMR) and MPG(CMR-Gorlin).

Conclusion: Flow vorticity is one of the main

factors responsible for MPG discrepancies between CMR and TTE.”
“In all attempt to examine whether body mass index (BMI) may influence IVF outcome in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients undergoing ovarian stimulation with either gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-agonist (agonist group) or antagonist (antagonist group), 100 IVF find more cycles were studied: 35 in the agonist and 65 in the antagonist groups. In both agonist and antagonist groups, patients with BMI <= 25 kg/m(2) had a significantly higher fertilization rate compared with patients with BMI > 25 kg/m(2) (P < 0.02 and P < 0.01, respectively). Lean patients (BMI <= 25) undergoing ovarian Stimulation using the GnRH-agonist,

demonstrated the highest pregnancy rate. In conclusion, in this series of PCOS patients undergoing IVF-embryo transfer cycles, ovarian stimulation utilizing the midluteal long GnRH-agonist suppressive protocol yielded a higher pregnancy rate in lean patients, probably due to its ability to lower the high basal LH milieu and its detrimental effect on oocyte quality and implantation potential.”
“This paper aims to describe an extracorporeal tourniquet (ET) method Selleckchem Rabusertib for laparoscopic Pringle maneuver (PM).

From January 2007 to June 2011, we have performed 44 laparoscopic hepatic resections: one hand-assisted and 43 totally laparoscopic procedures. In 39 of these patients, an ET was prepared. In 20 cases (lesions posteriorly located), the patient was placed in the left lateral position, and in 19 cases (lesions anteriorly located), in the supine position. The ET is prepared according to the following steps: from the right flank and through the foramen of Winslow, a grasper is passed behind the hepatoduodenal ligament to place a 75-cm cotton tape around it. The tape is externalized through a 5-mm incision and then passed through a 22CH Tiemann catheter whose ends are cut. The internal end of the catheter is left close to the pedicle, while the other part, with the ends of the tape, is kept outside.

1% for piroxicam patch Selleck Dorsomorphin in comparison to -24.6% for piroxicam cream). Moreover the piroxicam patch

proved to be on average more effective than the piroxicam cream in terms of secondary efficacy endpoints. Safety was considered satisfactory in all groups.

Conclusions: The piroxicam patch is effective in the treatment of lumbar osteoarthritis and has demonstrated to be well tolerated and it improves patients compliance. The piroxicam patch offers a comparable alternative to the marketed piroxicam cream for the treatment of lumbar osteoarthritis with the advantage of a better compliance with the once a day application of the patch compared to three daily applications for the piroxicam cream.”
“Objectives: To determine the effect of chondroitin sulfate (CS) on inflammatory mediators and proteolytic enzymes induced by interleukin-1

beta (IL-1 beta) and related to cartilage catabolism in murine osteoblasts.

Design: Osteoblasts were obtained by enzymatic digestion of calvaria from Swiss mice and cultured for 3 weeks as a primary culture. Cells were then stimulated with IL-1 beta (1 or 10 ng/ml). CS-treated osteoblasts were incubated with 100 mu g/ml of CS during the last week of culture w/o IL-1 beta for the last 24 h. Expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), microsomal prostaglandin selleck screening library E synthase-1 (mPGES-1), 15-PG dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), matrix metalloproteinases-3 and -13 (MMP-3 and -13), osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PGE(2), MMP-3 and MMP-13 release were assessed in the medium by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay P505-15 mouse or western-blotting.

Results: IL-1 beta increased

COX-2, mPGES-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, RANKL expressions, decreased 15-PGDH expression, and increased PGE2, MMP-3 and MMP-13 release. Interestingly, 7 days of CS treatment significantly counteracted IL-1 beta-induced expression of COX-2 (-62%, P <0.001), mPGES-1 (-63%, P < 0.001), MMP-3 (-39%, P = 0.08), MMP-13 (-60%, P < 0.001) and RANKL (-84%, P<0.001). Accordingly, IL-1 beta-induced PGE(2), MMP-3 and MMP-13 releases were inhibited by 86% (P<0.001), 58%(P <0.001) and 38% (P<0.01) respectively.

Conclusions: In conclusion, our data demonstrate that, in an inflammatory context, CS inhibits the production of PGE(2) and MMPs. Since CS has previously been shown to counteract the production of these mediators in chondrocytes, we speculate that the beneficial effect of CS in Osteoarthritis (OA) could not only be due to its action on cartilage but also on subchondral bone. (C) 2011 Osteoarthritis Research Society International. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The flow produced a drag force on the order of nanonewton ABT-263 solubility dmso on a typical vorticellid cell body. We gradually increased the loading force on the same V. convallaria specimen and examined its mechanical property and stalk motion of V. convallaria.

With greater drag forces, the contraction distance linearly decreased; the contracted length was close to around 90% of the stretched length. We estimated the drag force on Vorticella in the channel by calculating the force on a sphere in a linear shear flow. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3481777]“
“Chloroformacetone extract of the aerial parts of Euphorbia aellenii Rech. f. (Euphorbiaceae) was investigated for its diterpenoidal constituents. This led to the isolation of two new and one known cyclomyrsinol-type diterpenes 13. The structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D find more and 2D 1H and 13C NMR techniques, and in vitro immunomodulatory activity was evaluated by standard proliferation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Results showed that all the three compounds were found to inhibit lymphocyte proliferation significantly (p<0.05) at 50g/ml concentration. Among them, compound 2 showed more activity against phytohemagglutinin-activated T-cell proliferation with an IC50 of 40.4 +/- 9.35g/ml.”
“This review presents a systematic perspective on the development of micro-optofluidic lenses. The progress on the development

of micro-optofluidic lenses are illustrated by example from recent literature. The

advantage of micro-optofluidic lenses over solid lens systems is their tunability without the use of large actuators such as servo motors. Depending on the relative orientation of light path and the substrate surface, micro-optofluidic lenses CAL-101 PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor can be categorized as in-plane or out-of-plane lenses. However, this review will focus on the tunability of the lenses and categorizes them according to the concept of tunability. Micro-optofluidic lenses can be either tuned by the liquid in use or by the shape of the lens. Micro-optofluidic lenses with tunable shape are categorized according to the actuation schemes. Typical parameters of micro-optofluidic lenses reported recently are compared and discussed. Finally, perspectives are given for future works in this field. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3460392]“
“Two new ent-3,4-seco-labdane diterpenoids, methylcallicarpate (1) and callicarpic acid (2), were isolated from the leaves of Callicarpa nudiflora Hook et Arn. Their structures and relative configurations were established by analysis of spectroscopic data. Their absolute configurations were assigned by the application of the CD technique for the first time among the ent-3,4-seco-labdane-type diterpenes.”
“Immunoassay is one of the important applications of microfluidic chips and many methodologies were reported for decreasing sample/reagent volume, shortening assay time, and so on.

The aim of this study was to investigate the hearing functions in children with newly diagnosed CD.

Materials and methods: Ninety-seven (194 ears) [56 girls, 41 boys (age range: 1.5-17 years)] newly diagnosed celiac disease patients and 85 sex and age-matched controls (170 ears) were included in this study. Hearing function was assessed by pure-tone audiometry, speech audiometry, tympanometry and otoacoustic emissions measurements.

Results: No significant difference were found

between the patients and control groups measurements including the pure-tone audiometry, speech audiometry, tympanometry and otoacoustic emissions GSK3326595 No significant difference was found for pure-tone audiometry, speech audiometry, tympanometry and otoacoustic emissions measurements in celiac patients according

to the Marsh-Oberhuber classification (P>0.05).

Conclusions: Our results showed that hearing functions of children with newly diagnosed CD were similar to healthy controls. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with an increased prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD). We investigated the presenting symptoms of CAD, coronary anatomy (single versus multi-vessel CAD), and treatment among a group of subjects undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with angioplasty Crenigacestat and/or stenting.

Methods: We evaluated a retrospective cohort of 43 RA subjects and 43 matched non-RA subjects undergoing PCI at 2 academic referral centers. RA subjects were matched to non-RA subjects on age, gender, history of coronary artery bypass grafting, date of PCI, and interventional

cardiologist. We compared cardiac risk factors, presentation, treatment, and outcomes.

Results: The mean age of the study cohort was 71 +/- 10 years, and the distribution of traditional cardiac risk factors was similar in the subjects with RA compared with the matched non-RA subjects (all P values > 0.05). Seventy-four percent of subjects with RA compared with 67% of those without RA presented with an acute coronary selleck inhibitor syndrome before PCI (P = 0.48). All subjects in this cohort undergoing PCI had at least 1 stenosis in a major epicardial vessel and similar percentages of subjects with RA (44%) and without RA (40%) had multi-vessel CAD (P = 0.66). The administration of cardiac medications both at PCI and at hospital discharge was not different among subjects with RA compared with matched non-RA subjects.

Conclusions: Among this cohort with significant CAD undergoing PCI, clinical characteristics, presentation, severity of CAD, treatment modalities, and outcomes were similar in subjects with RA and well-matched non-RA subjects. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Semin Arthritis Rheum 40:215-221″
“Objective: To establish normative data of nasal airway dimensions in Chinese children and adolescents by age and sex.

“
“Purpose: Tumour hypoxia affects cancer biology and therapy-resistance in both animals and humans. The purpose of this study was to determine whether EF5 ([2-(2-nitro-1-H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)-acetamide]) binding and/or radioactive drug uptake correlated with single-dose radiation response in 9L gliosarcoma tumours.

Materials and methods: Twenty-two 9L tumours were grown in male Fischer rats. Rats were administered low specific activity (18)F-EF5 and their tumours irradiated and

assessed for cell survival and hypoxia. Hypoxia assays included EF5 binding measured by antibodies against bound-drug adducts and gamma counts of 18 F-EF5 tumour uptake compared with uptake by normal muscle and blood. These assays were compared with cellular radiation response (in vivo to in vitro assay). In Screening Library mw six cases, uptake of tumour versus muscle was also assayed using images from a PET (positron emission tomography) camera (PENN G-PET).

Results:

The intertumoural variation in radiation response of 9L tumour-cells was significantly correlated with uptake of (18)F-labelled EF5 (i.e., including both bound and non-bound drug) using either tumour to muscle or tumour to blood gamma count ratios. In the tumours where imaging was performed, there was a significant correlation between the image analysis and gamma count analysis. Intertumoural variation in cellular radiation response of the same 22 tumours was also correlated with mean flow cytometry signal due to EF5 binding.

Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first animal model/drug combination demonstrating CX-6258 nmr PDGFR inhibitor a correlation

of radioresponse for tumour-cells from individual tumours with drug metabolism using either immunohistochemical or non-invasive techniques.”
“Ten years after his brother had been treated for seminoma, a 36-year-old male presented with a giant exulcerating mass involving the right testis and both inguinal regions. Subsequent biopsy revealed pure seminoma. Staging computed tomography (CT) showed bulky retroperitoneal and pelvic lymph node metastases. After seven courses of cisplatin-based chemotherapy, positron emission tomography suggested residual tumor in the right groin. The suspicious lesion and the right testis were resected showing no vital tumor tissue. Eight months after surgery there were no signs of disease progression at follow-up CT. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Individuals over 65 years of age experience the new onset of seizures at a prevalence rate of roughly twice that of younger adults. Differences in physiology, need of concomitant medications, and liability for cognitive deficits in this population, make the choice of anticonvulsant drugs especially important. This paper reviews topiramate (TPM), a treatment for many types of seizures, with the above risks in mind.

“
“Objective: There are no published data on the expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) in human aortic tissues with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), although some researchers have suggested that LRP1 may be a crucial regulator in the pathogenesis of AAA. The aim of this pilot study is to investigate LRP1 expression in aortic tissues from www.selleckchem.com/products/sbe-b-cd.html Chinese patients with AAA compared with normal control tissues.

Materials and methods: This study used human abdominal aortic tissues with or without AAA as a research model. Aneurysmal abdominal aortas were collected from Chinese patients with AAA (n = 12) during open surgical aneurysmal repair

at our institution, and normal control non-aneurysmal abdominal aortas were collected from Chinese healthy organ donors (n = 12) during organ transplantation. Protein expression of LRP1 was analyzed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry.

Results: LRP1 protein expression was significantly lower in AAA (mean LRP1(AAA)/LRP1(Normal Control) = 0.51 +/- 0.28) than in normal control aortic tissues (mean LRP1(Normal Control)/LRP1(Normal

Control) = 1 +/- 0.18) in our small sample cohort (p < .001). No significant correlation was shown between LRP1 protein expression and the size of AAA (p PF2341066 > .05).

Conclusions: Our pilot result suggests that a reduction in LRP1 protein expression may be associated with aneurysm progression. (C) 2013 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The objective of the present investigation was to investigate the effects of selected drugs (captopril and celecoxib) properties on different parameters drug entrapment, in vitro drug release, release pattern, in vitro drug permeation and buoyancy in the formulation

of Eudragit S100 non effervescent floating microparticulates. Microparticulates were in size ranges 268.36-352.27 mu m (captopril) and 271.36-365.34 mu m (celecoxib). Encapsulation selleck screening library efficiency of celecoxib was good as compare to captopril. In vitro permeation studies showed in range (ES6) 74.83 mu g – (ESI) 79.84 mu g (celecoxib), (EU6) 57.01 mu g – (EU1) 6738 mu g (captopril). In vitro release followed Non-Fickian diffusion mechanism while in vitro permeation kinetics revealed the super case H transport mechanism. Taken together, water insoluble (celecoxib) drug showed suitable combination with Eudragit S100. This study concluded that the effect of various parameter on the characteristics of Eudragit gastroretentive drug delivery system by non effervescent technique using celecoxib and captopril having different physicochemical characterization.”
“Background:

Significant intraprocedural adverse events (AE) are reported in children who receive anesthesia for procedures outside the Operating Rooms (NORA).

Future studies should use standardized methods to measure patients’ preferences and then individual studies can be pooled in a meta-analysis. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Vestibular velocity storage enhances the efficacy of the angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) during relatively low-frequency head rotations. This function is modulated by GABA-mediated inhibitory cerebellar projections. Velocity storage

also exists in perceptual pathway and has similar functional principles as VOR. However, it is not known whether the neural substrate for perception and VOR overlap. We propose two possibilities. First, PRIMA-1MET inhibitor there is the same velocity storage for both VOR and perception; second, there are nonoverlapping neural networks: one might be involved in perception and the other for the VOR. We investigated these possibilities by measuring VOR and perceptual responses in healthy human subjects during whole-body, constant-velocity rotation steps about all three dimensions (yaw, pitch, and roll) before and after 10 mg of 4-aminopyridine Selisistat solubility dmso (4-AP). 4-AP, a selective blocker of inward rectifier potassium conductance, can lead to increased synchronization

and precision of Purkinje neuron discharge and possibly enhance the GABAergic action. Hence 4-AP could reduce the decay time constant of the perceived angular velocity and VOR. We found that 4-AP reduced the decay time constant, but the amount of reduction in the two processes, perception and VOR, was not the same, suggesting

the possibility of nonoverlapping or partially overlapping neural substrates for VOR and perception. We also noted that, unlike the VOR, the perceived angular velocity gradually built up and plateau prior to decay. Hence, the perception pathway may have additional mechanism that changes the dynamics of perceived angular velocity beyond the velocity storage. 4-AP had no effects on the duration of build-up of perceived angular velocity, suggesting that the higher order processing of perception, beyond the velocity storage, might not occur under the LDK378 manufacturer influence of mechanism that could be influenced by 4-AP.”
“The efficacy of Heller myotomy in patients > 40 years-a significant predictor suggesting a favorable response to pneumatic dilation-has been questioned. The aim of our study was to evaluate the results obtained in patients aged < 40 and > 40 years undergoing minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for achalasia.

In January 2008, we established the MIS technique for achalasia in our clinic. In the following period from January 2008 to March 2011, 74 patients underwent primary laparoscopic myotomy for achalasia. The procedure was accomplished with an anterior 180A degrees semifundoplication according to Dor in all patients.

Any mode of anesthesia that may obviate the need for imperative airway control may be desirable in such situations in which a difficult airway may be anticipated. Here we present one such situation where tumescent local anesthesia was employed to manage a case of severe post-burn

neck contractures posted for contracture release Dihydrotestosterone order and split-skin grafting. The other benefits of this method were minimal blood loss and excellent postoperative analgesia. In conclusion, it can be emphasized that the application of tumescent anesthesia is an important anesthetic tool in patients with predicted difficult airway management.”
“This paper is a summary of the presentations made as Proposal 2-”"Defining cure”" to the 2nd Annual meeting of the ICI-Research Society, in Bristol, 16th June 2010. It reviews definitions of ‘cure’ and ‘outcome’, and considers the impact that varying definition may have on prevalence studies and cure rates. The difference between subjective and objective

outcomes is considered, and the significance that these different outcomes may have for different stakeholders (e. g. clinicians, patients, carers, industry etc.) is discussed. The development of patient reported outcome measures and patient defined goals is reviewed, and consideration given to the use of composite end-points. A series 4EGI-1 chemical structure of proposals are made by authors and discussants as to how currently validated outcomes should be applied, and where our future research activity in this area might be directed. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:741-745, 2011. (C) 2011 Momelotinib cell line Wiley-Liss, Inc.”
“We investigated the changes in dopamine (DA), glutamate and -aminobutyric acid (GABA) during cocaine self-administration in rats implanted with guide cannulae into the nucleus accumbens

and ventral pallidum. After stabilized cocaine self-administration, separate groups of rats underwent extinction (10 days) procedure in which cocaine infusion was replaced by saline injections. With using a yoked’ procedure, the effects of cocaine or its withdrawal on the level of neurotransmitters were evaluated by dual-probe microdialysis. Repeated cocaine administration reduced basal glutamate levels in the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum, whereas it did not affect basal accumbal DA levels. Only rats that self-administered cocaine had increased basal GABA overflow in both examined brain structures. Active or passive cocaine administration elevated extracellular accumbal DA, however, the extent of cocaine-evoked DA level was significantly higher in rats that self-administered cocaine while both groups of animals showed also an attenuation of GABA level in the nucleus accumbens. On day 10 of extinction training, rats previously given cocaine revealed decreases in the basal accumbal concentration of glutamate while the basal GABA levels were significantly enhanced as compared with baseline of saline-yoked controls.