, 2011). To support the integration of in situ and ex situ conservation approaches, both vegetation maps and assessments of individual species distributions are needed. At the habitat level, priority has been given to assessing the level and rate of destruction of the world’s biodiversity hotspots through monitoring, so as to understand threats to habitat and species loss, and demonstrating the potential value of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for the management of sites. An example of the role of GIS in contributing to conservation ZD6474 molecular weight activity is the monitoring of vegetation cover changes in

the area of Mount Oku and the adjoining Ijim ridge in Cameroon, a tropical montane rainforest, using satellite and aerial sensor detection ( Baena et al., 2010). Following strong spatial patterns of deforestation between 1958 and 1988,

regeneration was observed following the first Conservation Project (started IPI-145 in 1987) which resulted in 7.8% of the 1988 montane forest extent being recovered by 2001. Whilst there were differences in forest vegetation boundaries across the study area, regeneration was observed from the commencement of the project. Deforestation increases fragmentation and edge effects and large trees have a higher probability of dying due to physical damage (Laurance et al., 2000) or physiological constraints from microclimatic changes (Camargo and Kapos, 1995). In addition, forest fragmentation seems to lessen the number of reproductive events (Lowe et al., 2005) and may also cause an asynchronism in the reproduction cycle between trees located in fragments and in adjacent continuous forests. Consequently, over time, less trees will fruit, which will reduce seed rain and may affect the natural regeneration

of certain tree species in forest remnants (Benitez-Malvido, 1998). This is a particular concern when considering recalcitrant seeded species, as they can be more frequent in families of large trees (e.g., oaks, dipterocarps). As the example from Cameroon illustrates, focused attention can support Glutamate dehydrogenase forest tree conservation in biodiversity hotspots. However, the conservation of evolutionary process should also be a priority in the face of global change to ecosystems. Phylogenetic diversity (PD) is a biodiversity index that measures the length of evolutionary pathways linking taxa. Although taxon richness is a good surrogate for PD, the two have been found to be decoupled in a study in South Africa, based on an assessment using GIS of genus absence/presence per quarter degree square using data from the Pretoria National Herbarium database – PRECIS (Forest et al., 2007). Thus, providing the ability to develop PD biodiversity indices matching the local geography supports specific conservation planning.