Allgeyer et al. (2013) used a series of nested finite-difference grids

to examine the effect of the Lisbon 1755 tsunami on tidal gauges in La Rochelle, France. Grids were nested from 1′ (approx. 2 km) to 0.3″ (9 m), Apitolisib cost zooming in on the target region. No sensitivity to mesh resolution was carried out, however. In addition, Roger et al. (2010) used the same method to study the effect of the Lisbon 1755 tsunami on Caribbean Guadeloupe Archipelago, with similar resolutions to Allgeyer et al. (2013). These two studies nested the same computational model; however, it is also possible to nest different models to carry out large-scale simulations. Kirby et al. (2013) used the non-hydrostatic model of Ma et al. (2012) in the near-field source domain, before linking this to the larger-scale model described in Kirby et al. (2013) to investigate the 2011 Japanese tsunami. Resolution varied from 1 km to 2′ (approximately 4 km). Horsburgh et al. (2008) followed a similar methodology selleck chemicals llc to study the effect of the Lisbon 1755 tsunami on the UK coast, using a finite-difference model with approximately 3.5 km resolution in the larger domain and a finite-element model around the UK coast with resolution varying from 10 down to 1 km. It is clear with all of these studies that resolution around areas of interest is important, but all must limit their regions of interest.

The multiscale modelling technology shown here can allow multiple areas of interest within the same simulation, whilst capturing changes in bathymetry

and coastline in the mesh. It is also worth noting the lack of studies detailing the effect of resolution for tsunami simulations. Bondevik et al. (2005) did show a clear convergence of results using a smaller region simulation Megestrol Acetate at both 250 and 500 m resolution. The technology presented here could be further improved by increasing resolution even further to that used by other studies above, for example 10 m, around a particular small region of interest. As part of this work we investigated the effect of a number of factors on the estimated run-up heights of the tsunami. These were: bathymetric data source (GEBCO or ETOPO (Amante and Eakins, 2009)), the resolution used to generate the coastlines and the bathymetric resolution. From these experiments only coastline resolution made a substantial difference. Virtual wave gauge 24 (Fig. 9) shows an example where the effect of coastline resolution makes a substantial difference to the estimate run-up height as the high resolution fixed mesh case (using the coarse resolution GSHHS data) produces a much large wave height than the multiscale mesh where the high resolution GSHHS data were used. There are also virtual wave gauges (not shown) that show an increase in wave height with increasing coastal resolution.