Initial management includes protecting the airway and obtaining peripheral

venous access. Red cell transfusions should be undertaken with the goal of maintaining hemoglobin of approximately 7-8 g/dL.1, 2 However, the transfusion policy should consider other factors such as comorbidities, age, hemodynamic status, and ongoing bleeding. The INR is not a reliable indicator of the coagulation status in patients with cirrhosis; however, fresh-frozen plasma and platelets can be considered in patients with significant coagulopathy and/or thrombocytopenia.1-3 Oral quinolones (norfloxacin orally at a dose of 400 mg twice a day for 7 days) are recommended to decrease the rate of bacterial infections and improve survival. Intravenous ceftriaxone 1 gm/day is considered in patients with advanced cirrhosis, in hospital settings

with a high prevalence Selleckchem Roxadustat of quinolone-resistant Fulvestrant nmr bacterial infections, and in patients on previous quinolone prophylaxis.3, 4 More data are required before recommending prophylactic lactulose routinely in patients with AVB to prevent development of hepatic encephalopathy.5 In suspected variceal bleeding, vasoactive drugs should be started as soon as possible, and at least 30 minutes before endoscopy and Y-27632 2HCl continued for up to 2-5 days. A recent meta-analysis of 15 trials comparing emergency sclerotherapy versus pharmacological treatment (vasopressin with nitroglycerin, terlipressin, somatostatin, or octreotide) showed a similar efficacy but fewer side effects with pharmacological therapy.6 Combination of pharmacological therapy and endoscopic

therapy is the most rational approach in the treatment of AVB. Terlipressin, a synthetic analog of vasopressin that has longer biological activity and significantly fewer side effects than vasopressin, is effective in controlling AVB and is associated with decreased mortality. Terlipressin is not yet available in many countries, including the United States.4 Terlipressin is administered at an initial dose of 2 mg intravenously every 4 hours and can be titrated down to 1 mg intravenously every 4 hours once hemorrhage is controlled. Upper endoscopy should be performed as soon as possible after admission, preferably within 12 hours of admission. Variceal ligation is the preferred endoscopic therapy if a variceal source of hemorrhage is confirmed.1, 4 Terlipressin infusion is continued for up to 5 days. Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) represents one of the most serious complications of endstage liver disease, occurring in patients with ascites and profound circulatory dysfunction.