18 In humans, increased plasma enzyme activity is rarely observed before 12-24 hours following ingestion and does not peak until 48-72 hours.19 Although such differences between humans and rodents may be mainly due to species differences in metabolic rate and body size, mechanistic dissimilarities cannot be completely ruled out. In order to bridge this gap between rodents and humans, a human in vitro system is needed. Primary human hepatocytes

as the gold standard have major drawbacks. The availability of these cells Selleckchem Wnt inhibitor is limited, and due to significant differences in donor background they can vary considerably in drug response. Moreover, primary human hepatocytes have a limited lifespan, undergoing phenotypic changes and displaying highly variable CYP450 expression as a function of time in culture. In contrast, most hepatoma cell lines are very stable, available in large quantities, and easy to work with. Unfortunately, the majority do not express the CYP450 enzymes necessary for metabolism of drugs and are therefore not useful for studies of drug toxicity.20, 21 HepaRG cells were recently isolated and cultured from a hepatoma in a female patient with cirrhosis subsequent to hepatitis C virus infection (HCV).22 HepaRG cells are bipotent progenitors. Upon differentiation, two morphologically distinct populations become apparent: hepatocyte-like

cells and biliary epithelial-like cells.23, Ibrutinib cost 24 Several studies have demonstrated high expression and activity of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in this cell line, comparable to primary human hepatocytes, suggesting their use in drug studies.25, 26 However, detailed investigations into the mechanisms of drug toxicities have not been performed with this cell line. Therefore, the objective of the current investigation was to assess the value of HepaRG cells as a human system to study APAP hepatotoxicity and to determine if mechanisms of cell death observed in primary mouse hepatocytes are applicable to human hepatocytes. APAP, acetaminophen; CYP450,

cytochrome P450; DHR, dihydrorhodamine; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, glutathione medchemexpress disulfide; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; NAC, N-acetylcysteine; NAPQI, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine; PI, propidium iodide; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; ROS, reactive oxygen species. HepaRG cells were obtained from Biopredic International (Rennes, France). The cells were seeded at 1 × 105 undifferentiated cells/cm2 in hepatocyte wash medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) containing additives for growth (Biopredic). The cells were cultured at 37°C with 21% O2 and 5% CO2 for 14 days before differentiation. Medium was renewed every 3 days. Cell differentiation was induced as described.22 The cells were maintained up to 4 weeks after differentiation for use.