2). Maximum species richness was found at around 1000 m. The highest overall richness with 14 rattan species was found in a plot at Moa (890 m). Commercially important rattan species were found only below 1250 m (Fig. 2a). The density of rattan palms along the elevational gradient also showed

a hump-shaped pattern, with highest overall densities (250–500 individuals per 0.1 ha) around 1000–1500 m (Fig. 2b). The plot with the highest overall density of rattan palms (almost 600 individuals) was located at Gunung Nokilalaki (1500 m). In the lowland forests, commercially important species made up almost all of the individuals. Fig. 2 a Species richness and b density of all rattan palms (circles, continuous lines) and commercially important rattan palms (triangles, dashed lines) in relation to elevation in Lore Lindu National GPCR Compound Library price Park. The commercially important rattan

palms include Calamus zollingeri, C. ornatus var. celebicus and Daemonorops macroptera. Trend lines are polynomial models of second order as presented in Table 2 Polynomial models of second order accounted for 59 and 85% of the variation of overall rattan species richness Trichostatin A molecular weight and commercially important rattan species richness along the elevational gradient, respectively (Fig. 2a, Table 2). For overall and commercially important rattan species densities, polynomial models accounted for 32 and 54% of the elevational patterns, respectively (Fig. 2b, Table 2). On the other hand, no significant relationships were found between species richness or density and precipitation (Table 2). Table 2 Correlation between species richness and density with elevation and precipitation Factor R² All species Commercial species Richness Density Richness Density Elevation 0.59*** 0.32*** 0.85*** 0.54*** Precipitation

0.03 0.16* 0.01 0.06 The residua of the elevational models were tested against precipitation * P < 0.05, *** P < 0.001 Elevational ranges of rattan species The individual rattan species showed distinct elevational ranges (Fig. 3). Characteristic rattan palms of the forests below 1200–1300 m were Sitaxentan mainly already described species: C. didymocarpus, C. kandariensis, C. leptostachys, C. minahassae, C. ornatus var. celebicus, C. symphysipus, C. zollingeri, D. macroptera and K. celebica. On the other hand, the montane forests were inhabited by mostly undescribed rattan species, although a few undescribed species were also recorded in the lowland forests. On average, elevational species ranges were 515 ± 323 (SD) m, ranging from 100 m (7 species) to more than 1000 m (3 species). The majority of species were found throughout their elevational ranges, but a few species showed gaps of 100-400 m where they were not recorded. Fig. 3 Elevational ranges of rattan species recorded in Lore Lindu National Park. Elevation is divided into elevational belts of 100 m (*missing elevational belts have no data).