faecalis strain 12030ΔbgsB was analyzed by NMR spectroscopy as described previously [5]. Rabbit antiserum against LTA A female New Zealand White rabbit was immunized s.c. with 100 mg of LTA purified from E. faecalis strain 12030 suspended in complete Freund adjuvant Transmembrane Transporters inhibitor (Sigma), followed by the same dose s.c. suspended in incomplete Freund adjuvant (Sigma) on day 7. The rabbit was boosted intravenously with three 10-mg doses over

the following 3 weeks. After the last vaccination, the rabbit was sacrificed and exsanguinated to obtain the serum. Autolysis assay and sensitivity to antimicrobial peptides Cell autolysis was determined as described by Qin et al. [30]. The MIC of polymyxin B, nisin, and colistin against wild-type and 12030ΔbgsB were determined by a modified NCCLS broth dilution method [24]. Determination of hydrophobicity Hydrophobicity was determined by measuring adherence to dodecane [31].

Briefly, bacteria were grown to logarithmic phase and resuspended in sodium phosphate to yield an OD600 of 0.4-0.5. The same volume of dodecane was added, and phases were vigorously vortexed for 1 min, then for 10 min to allow phase separation. Absorbance of the water-phase was measured. The proportion of cells in the dodecane phase was calculated according to the formula: % hydrophobicity = [1-(A/A0)] × 100. Mouse bacteremia model The virulence of E. faecalis strain 12030ΔbgsB was evaluated in a mouse selleck chemicals bacteremia model [5, 32]. In summary, eight female Tryptophan synthase BALB/c mice 6-8 weeks old were challenged by i.v. injection of E. faecalis strains grown to stationary phase (2.0 × 109 cfu) via the tail vein. Seventy-two hours after infection, the mice were sacrificed and exsanguinated, and bacterial counts in the blood were enumerated by serial dilutions. All animal experiments were performed in compliance with the German animal protection law (TierSchG). The mice were housed and handled in accordance with good

animal practice as defined by FELASA and the national animal welfare body GV-SOLAS. The animal welfare committees of the University of Freiburg (Regierungspräsidium Freiburg Az 35/9185.81/G-07/15) approved all animal experiments. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Bacterial cells were prepared for TEM as described previously [24]. Opsonophagocytic killing assay An opsonophagocytic killing assay was used as previously described [5]. In summary, white blood cells (WBC) were prepared from fresh human blood collected from healthy adult volunteers. Using trypan blue staining to differentiate dead from live leukocytes, the final cell count was adjusted to 2.5 × 107 WBC per ml. Baby rabbit serum (Cedarlane Laboratories, Hornby, Ontario, Canada), diluted 1:15 in RPMI plus 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and www.selleckchem.com/products/YM155.html absorbed with the target strain, was used as complement source. Bacteria cultured on agar plates were resuspended in TSB to an OD600 of 0.1 and then grown to an OD of 0.4. A final 1:100 dilution was made in RPMI-FBS.