Genetic experiments indicated that this change in cell size homeostasis involves production of the alarmone (p)ppGpp (guanosine-penta/Napabucasin supplier tetra-phosphate), a signaling compound that is a key player of a cellular response to amino acid starvation known as stringent response. Results and Discussion

Our rationale here is that we can get insights into the biological role of YgjD by following the cellular response of its depletion on the single cell level and with high temporal Epigenetics inhibitor resolution. We diluted cultures of the conditional lethal P ara -ygjD mutant TB80 onto pads of solid LB medium that either contained L-arabinose (inducing ygjD expression) or D-glucose (repressing

ygjD expression) and used time-lapse microscopy to follow single cells growing into microcolonies, taking an image every 2 or 4 minutes. The images were analyzed with the software “”Schnitzcell”" [18]. The growth rate and cellular morphology of the P ara -ygjD strain grown in the presence of L-arabinose was similar to the wild type grown under the same conditions (Figure 1a and 1c, and Additional file 1 – movie 1 and Additional file 2 – movie 2). Figure 1 ygjD -expression determines patterns selleckchem of growth. Each panel depicts data of cell numbers versus time from three independent experiments; each experiment is based on a microcolony that was initiated with a single cell, and followed over about six Methocarbamol to seven divisions. A) TB80 (Para-ygjD) grown in presence of 0.1% L-arabinose. B). TB80 (Para-ygjD) grown in presence of 0.4% glucose. Note that the growth rate decreased after about

150 minutes. C) MG1655 (E. coli wild type) grown in LB medium with additional 0.4% glucose. Growth rates are similar to panel A, indicating that the induction of ygjD-expression in TB80 (panel A) lead to growth rates that are similar to wild type E. coli. A shift of the P ara -ygjD strain to glucose lead to the depletion of YgjD. This depletion is based on two effects. First, transcription of ygjD stops after the shift to glucose. Residual L-arabinose that remains in the cells from growth under permissive conditions is rapidly metabolized. Lack of L-arabinose turns the transcriptional activator (AraC) of the Para promoter into a transcription repressor. In addition, glucose metabolism causes depletion of the cellular co-inducer cyclic AMP. Together these effects lead to effective repression of ygjD transcription in TB80. After termination of de novo ygjD mRNA synthesis the amount of YgjD in each cell declines, because the mRNA and the protein are diluted through cell division, and degraded by cellular nucleases and proteases, respectively [20].