This results in the paradoxical prediction that when the grouping benefit/grouping cost ratio increases, the average group sizes might decrease, since smaller groups will be able to withstand www.selleckchem.com/products/gdc-0032.html synchronization challenges. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The present study examined the effects of basal ganglia and cerebellar pathology on bimanual coordination using patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and cerebellar dysfunction (CD). Twenty patients with idiopathic PD (10 untreated early and 10 advanced PD), 10 patients with

cerebellar degeneration, and 11 normal subjects were instructed to perform in-phase and anti-phase bimanual coordination movements. The results indicated that while the quality of coordinated bimanual movements in untreated early PD and CD patients was not significantly this website different from that of normal controls, advanced PD patients exhibited reduced synchronized coordination during the faster anti-phase mode. This suggests that the observed

bimanual coordination abnormalities in PD are not an early sign of the pathophysiology of the disease, and cerebellar degeneration may have minimal consequences on synchronized coordination between the limbs. In terms of the parameterization of individual limb movements, CD patients showed a tendency for hypermetric impairments with more irregular movements, while PD patients exhibited relatively slower limb movements and lower amplitudes than normal controls. Overall, the current data provide evidence of the specific functions of different neural structures involved www.selleck.cn/products/tpca-1.html in the pathological process of PD and CD on bimanual coordination. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Mathematical models to describe period-memorizing behavior in Physarum plasmodium are reported. In constructing the model, we first examine the basic characteristics required for the class of models, then create a minimal linear model to fulfill these requirements. We also propose two modifications

of the minimal model, nonlinearization and noise addition, which improve the reproducibility of experimental evidences. Differences in the mechanisms and in the reproducibility of experiments between our models and the previous models are discussed. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The specific aim of this study was to elucidate the role of mitochondria in a neuronal death caused by different metabolic effectors and possible role of intracellular calcium ions ([Ca(2+)](i)) and glutamine in mitochondria- and non-mitochondria-mediated cell death. Inhibition of mitochondria] complex I by rotenone was found to cause intensive death of cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) that was preceded by an increase in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)). The neuronal death induced by rotenone was significantly potentiated by glutamine.