, 2000). The translation products of MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1, the major motors of sexual communication (Turgeon, 1998), are regulatory proteins that contain DNA-binding motifs with conserved regions of the α-box domain and the HMG-box (high mobility group) domain, respectively. These proteins act as transcriptional factors and regulate pheromone precursor and pheromone selleck kinase inhibitor receptor genes in heterothallic ascomycetes (Debuchy, 1999; Pöggeler & Kück, 2001; Kim & Borkovich, 2004). Pheromone communication is required between mating partners (Bistis, 1983) in

heterothallic species. On the contrary, in homothallic species, such as Fusarium graminearum, the expression of the pheromone precursor and pheromone receptor genes is nonessential in sexual development, although these genes are controlled by the MAT locus (Kim et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2008). Fusarium species are well known because of the richness of their secondary metabolism including the production of a range of pigments. Relevant examples are the carotenoids, fat-soluble terpenoid pigments produced by photosynthetic organisms and a variety of heterotrophic bacteria and fungi (Britton et al., 1998). In response to light,

different Fusarium species produce the carboxylic apocarotenoid neurosporaxanthin (Avalos & Estrada, 2010; Jin et al., 2010). The genes and enzymes needed for the synthesis of this xanthophyll have been investigated in detail in Fusarium fujikuroi (Linnemannstöns et al., 2002; Prado-Cabrero et al., 2007a). The enzymatic steps from the diterpenoid precursor geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, i.e., a condensation, five desaturations, a cyclization and an oxidative Hydroxychloroquine manufacturer cleavage reaction, are depicted in Fig. 1. The pathway includes a side Demeclocycline branch through a second cyclization reaction to produce β-carotene,

the substrate of the retinal-forming enzyme CarX (Prado-Cabrero et al., 2007b). Retinal is the light-absorbing prosthetic group of opsins (Spudich, 2006). Cultures of Fusarium verticillioides (teleomorph: Gibberella moniliformis), a cosmopolitan pathogen of maize that produces fumonisins, exhibit an orange pigmentation when grown in the light, not apparent in dark-grown cultures, suggesting the occurrence of a similar regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis as described in F. fujikuroi. Interestingly, when the wild type and its ΔFvMAT1-2-1 mutants were cultured on synthetic minimal medium, marked morphological differences were observed between the wild type and the mutants: the mutant colonies became pale and they seemingly lost their ability to produce carotenoids. The objective of the present work was to demonstrate that inactivation of the MAT1-2-1 gene causes a drastic reduction of carotenoid production paralleled with a significant decrease in the photo-induced mRNA levels of the carB, carRA, and carT genes encoding key enzymes of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway.