, 2000; Wong et al., 2008; Vakhrusheva et al., 2011). Typically, holins have at least one α-helical TM Ruxolitinib domain that drives location into the inner membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and a highly charged hydrophilic C-terminal domain (Wang et al., 2000). Our bioinformatics analysis showed that STY1365 contains a single TM domain but the C-term is shorter compared with related putative holins of E. coli and phage ΦP27. The C-terminal sequence of holins contains a cytoplasmic regulatory domain that participates in proper lysis timing, whereas altered C-terminus triggers incomplete or delayed lysis (Bläsi et al., 1999;

Vukov et al., 2000). Thus, the possibility of impairment in the protein membrane anchorage could explain the presence of the STY1365 product also in the cytoplasmic fraction. Overexpression of STY1365 triggers an alteration of bacterial envelope, as shown by the uptake of a hydrophobic dye (crystal violet) and a modified outer-membrane proteins profile. Although it is unusual that bacterial outer membrane can be affected by holins, it has been reported that in consideration of the enormous diversity in structure and amino acid sequence of holins, some systems based on these proteins can use auxiliary proteins to disrupt the outer membrane (Wang et al., 2000; Young, 2002). One example is gpl of the PM2 bacteriophage

lysis system, which 17-AAG is encoded downstream of a canonical holin (gpk) and is necessary for disruption of the outer membrane of Pseudoalteromonas spp., representing a new type of outer-membrane-disrupting protein (Krupovic et al., 2007). In S. Typhi, the GICT18/1 genomic island, in addition to STY1365, also encodes genes with unknown functions www.selleck.co.jp/products/cobimetinib-gdc-0973-rg7420.html that have not yet been characterized (Rodas et al., 2010). In the process of adaptation to humans, S. Typhi has been exposed to different environments that have contributed to the acquisition of genetic material by horizontal transfer mechanisms (Moran & Plague, 2004). The prophage complement of S. Typhi and other Salmonella serovars represents a significant proportion of the bacterial genome in this genus. Thus, bacteriophages

and prophage-like elements have played a critical role in the evolution and generation of genetic diversity within S. enterica (Thomson et al., 2004). In spite of the fact that we have not deciphered the specific function of the STY1365 product, our results support the idea that the STY1365 protein product of S. Typhi is involved in bacterial envelope stability. Considering that STY1365 is transcriptionally upregulated within THP-1 human macrophages (Faucher et al., 2006), further studies are necessary to dilucidate the specific role of STY1365 in the pathogenesis of this human pathogen. This work was supported by a grant from Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (Chile) (FONDECYT 1110120). P.I.R.