, 2005; Kirk et al., 2007; Kohli, Lo, & Homel, 2006; Miguez-Burbano, Ashkin, & Rodriguez, 2005). Thus, targeting smoking prevention and cessation among MSM is critical. Given the aforementioned research and gaps in the literature, we aimed to determine the prevalence and correlates of smoking in a community-recruited Enzalutamide buy cohort of urban-dwelling Chinese MSM in Shanghai. Methods Procedures The current study was part of a larger cross-sectional study examining HIV, sexual transmitted infections, and sexual risks among Chinese MSM in Shanghai. Eligibility criteria included (a) male, (b) aged 18 years or older, (c) able to give consent, and (d) had sex with men in the last 12 months (oral, anal, or both). The sample size of 404 participants and an estimated 55% smoking prevalence among men given prior literature provided an estimated sampling error of approximately 5%.

This sample size also allowed for 98% power to detect a difference of 10% between our sample and the general population. Recruitment was done using respondent-driven sampling (Heckathorn, 2002) during Spring, 2008. Eight seeds (four gay-identified and four non�Cgay-identified MSM) were selected in consultation with a nongovernmental organization (Shanghai Leyi), which provides sexual risk prevention targeting MSM. Each seed was asked to recruit up to three of his peers. Recruited participants were verbally informed of the nature and purpose of the study. All eligible participants consented to the study. This research was approved by the appropriate academic institutional review boards in the United States and China.

Measures Sociodemographic Characteristics Participants reported birth date, present legal residency or ��Hu-kuo�� (Shanghai vs. other), ethnicity (Han vs. other), education level (less than high school, high school or equal, or more than high school), monthly income (<1,000 Yuan, Y1,000�C2,999.99, Y3,000�CY4,999.99, or ��Y5,000; US$1.00 = ~Y6.83), current marital status (never married, married with spouse, divorced, widowed, or cohabiting with a significant other), and sexual orientation (openly gay, closeted gay, openly bisexual, closeted bisexual, heterosexual, or other). Smoking Status and Level Participants were asked, ��Have you ever used cigarettes/tobacco?�� Those indicating ever using were asked to report the average number of cigarettes per day (CPD) in the past three months.

This variable was dichotomized as: (a) any smoking in the past three months versus no smoking and Dacomitinib (b) smoking <10 CPD (light smoking) versus ��10 CPD (moderate to heavy smoking). Prior research has defined ��light smoking�� as <10 CPD (Okuyemi, Ahluwalia, Richter, Mayo, & Resnicow, 2001; Okuyemi et al., 2002). In this sample of smokers, 59.7% smoked ��10 CPD and 40.3% smoked <10 CPD, justifying this dichotomization.