3%. [6, 7, 35, 36]. Recently, Khachatryan and colleagues [8] did not detect any Actinobacteria from the 16S rRNA gene clone libraries of healthy subjects but the abundance with FISH using Ato291 was 7%. The authors suggested that constant underestimation of the high G+C Gram-positive bacteria might lead to misunderstanding their role in the healthy and diseased gut. There are some data suggesting that the members of Coriobacteriaceae may be indicators of a healthy GI microbiota. Subjects with a low risk of colon cancer have Barasertib solubility dmso been observed to have a higher incidence of Collinsella aerofaciens

than subjects with a high risk of colon cancer [37]. Furthermore, when faecal 16S rRNA gene sequences from metagenomic libraries of Crohn’s diseased and healthy

subjects were compared, the Atopobium group was more prevalent and the groups designated “”other Actinobacteria”" were exclusively detected in healthy subjects’ samples [11]. A lower abundance of a C. aerofaciens-like phylotype within the Atopobium group has been associated with IBS subjects’ samples [21]. Diminished amount of Atopobium group bacteria is also associated with patients with Mediterranean fever [8]. On the other hand, increased amount of Actinobacteria have ITF2357 molecular weight recently been associated with the faecal microbiota of obese subjects [32]. This indicates that more detailed data are required to judge the role of Actinobacteria in health and disease. Methodological observations When the %G+C gradient is Selleckchem Caspase inhibitor disassembled, the fractions with the highest G+C content are collected last, making them most susceptible to turbulence. This phenomenon together with possible remnants of DNA from previously collected fractions could have caused the bias of a decrease in high G+C Actinobacteria and an C1GALT1 increase in low G+C Firmicutes observed in fractions

%G+C 65–75. These fractions, however, comprise only 5.5% of the total DNA, making the observed bias less important. Regarding faecal DNA extraction, the method used here was rather rigorous, allowing efficient DNA isolation also from more enduring Gram-positive bacteria. This might lower the relative amount of DNA from more easily lysed Gram-negative bacteria and thus explain the comparatively low amount of Bacteroides in both of the samples. Moreover, the relative share of Bacteroidetes phyla may be affected by the delay and temperature of freezing. In a real-time PCR study, a decrease of 50% in the Bacteroides group was observed in faecal sample aliquots frozen in -70°C within 4 h compared to samples that were immediately snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen (Salonen et al., personal communication). In our study, the samples were transported within 4 h of the defecation and stored at -70°C.