If hazardous wastes with a content of more than 1% of halogenated organic substances, expressed as chlorine, are incinerated, the temperature has to be guaranteed to a value of at least 1,100 ��C for two seconds;The auxiliary burners, that must be fitted to each incineration plant line, must activate automatically to prevent that the temperature of the combustion gas falls below 850 or 1,100 ��C whatever the case may be.From these brief considerations one may see that in order to respect the EU Directive and the study, inspection and conduction of WTE plants a high degree of accuracy in temperature readings is of paramount importance.2.?Waste to Energy Boiler DesignDesign parameters and operating characteristics of a modern refuse-fired boiler depend on the refuse composition, which change depending on time and location [10�C12]. The higher heating value (HHV) of waste ranges from 7,000 to 14,000 kJ/kg; this value is generally proportional to the industrialization of the country and depends mainly on plastics, paper and moisture content and on the degree of fuel preparation. There can be two different types of fuel: as-received in its unprepared state by just removing only large and non-combustible items or as refuse-derived fuel (RDF), where a selected part of the as-received refuse is http://www.selleckchem.com/products/kpt-330.html shredded and fed into the furnace.WTE boilers are usually single drum, top supported with natural circulation and are able to supply superheated steam to a vapor turbine, in order to produce electrical energy by means of an alternator. In some cases the boiler is designed to recover wasted heat for district heating purposes. Saturated pressure ranges usually between 4 and 8 MPa, whereas the maximum temperature of superheated steam is limited by the material resistance of the superheater.The boiler can be ideally divided into three parts: a furnace in which waste combustion takes place, a radiant zone in which the combustion is completed and where the heat, from flue-gases to water, is mainly exchanged by radiation and a convection zone where heat is exchanged mostly by convection.Combustion in the furnace takes place on a reciprocating combustion water or air-cooled grate, solid waste rolls along the stoker grate from the loading zone to the ash pit where the non-combustible part is eliminated. If RDF is used combustion takes place partly on a stocker and in part in suspension; a fluidized-circulating-bed or a bubbling fluidized-bed can also be utilized.The furnace sides are fully water-cooled with spaced tubes or with tubes placed next to one another, the spaced tube configuration being the most common: tubes are connected using a welded continuous fin (membrane bar), thus building a monolithic wall called a membrane wall [13].