We next investigated the susceptibility of BCG substrains to Pexidartinib ic50 nitrosative stress by exposing them to sodium nitrite for 3 days (Fig. 2b). BCG-Pasteur was tolerant to nitric oxide, and moderate susceptibility was observed in BCG-Japan, -Danish and -Glaxo. BCG-Russia, -Sweden, -Birkhaug, -Connaught and -Phipps were sensitive to NO. The parental strain of BCG, M. bovis, was able to tolerate NO. To assess NO production from the bacilli, reduction of pH of the media is required to generate NO from sodium nitrate (Darwin et al., 2003; MacMicking et al., 2003). Intriguingly, optimal pH levels were found to be different among

the BCG substrains (Table 2). The optimal pH of BCG-Russia, -Moreau, -Japan, -Phipps, -Pasteur and M. bovis was 6.6. Optimal pH of BCG-Sweden and -Birkhaug was 8–9, and that of BCG-Danish, -Glaxo and -Connaught was 7–8. According to maturation state, pH

in phagosomes decreases from about RAD001 in vivo 6 to 4. All BCG strains were positive for urease (Table 1). The changes in pH of the culture broths for each BCG strain were not significantly different (data not shown). Therefore, these data indicate that the increasing pH of the culture broth, such as by generating ammonium, is not responsible for the tolerance of BCG strains to a reduction of pH. The precise mechanisms of adaptability to pH changes have not been elucidated. In summary, we have evaluated the usefulness of various biochemical tests currently used for identifying mycobacterial species. Surprisingly, there were differences in the results of these tests among BCG substrains. These differences could be generated during the long time of passage of BCG vaccine strains. Their characteristics

are quality controlled by lyophilizing techniques. A good correlation between oxidative and nitrosative stress and survival in host cells were observed among BCG substrains. The relationship between antigen presentation and viability in host cells is not clear. The longer persistence of the bacilli in the host cells may favour antigen presentation by continuous supply of the antigens, while short persistent bacilli may stimulate antigen presentation through a different pathway (Grode L et al., 2005). Hormones antagonist Comparative analysis of BCG substrains on acquired immunity should be undertaken. This and our previous studies provide basic information on the biological characteristics and the effect on the innate immunological characteristics of BCG substrains, and these studies could contribute to the re-evaluation of BCG vaccine. This study was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences, a grant for Research on Publicly Essential Drugs and Medical Devices, No.