0 × 102 gfp gene copies per pg of insect 18S rRNA gene (Table 1). The ratio between

the Gfp strain and total Asaia aslo underwent a regular increase, as it passed from a very low value after 24 hours to a percentage higher than that of donor males (17% after 96 hours) (Figure 2B). The average ABR was lower (Table 2) than that reported previously [4], and the average GfpABR was a little lower than the ratio of co-feeders (Table 2). Nonetheless, even though the concentration of the Gfp-tagged Asaia did not significantly increase, a slow increment was observed, suggesting a bacterial growth within check details the host after venereal transfer, which indicates that venereal infection from male to female may be followed by stable colonization. Moreover FISH experiments suggest that Gfp-tagged Asaia transmission in female individuals mated with infected males starts from the colonization of gonads, where a massive fluorescent signal after hybridization with the gfp gene-specific probe was observed (Figure 4 G-I). FISH results on gonads are in agreement with the actual occurrence of a venereal transfer, however to avoid misinterpretation of data, and to rule out the possibility that the transmission have took place by co-feeding when the two insects were caged in the same capsule, co-housing control trials were set up, both with pairs of male and female individuals. As co-housing specimens were of the

same sex, at the end of the trial we were not able to discriminate between donor and recipient Napabucasin price individuals, so all were submitted to qPCR for the gfp gene. For each pair of individuals, one was always gfp-positive (the donor) and the other was gfp-negative (the recipient) (Fig 1A). The gfp concentration data relative to donor individuals are included

in the “donors” raw in Table 1. This result indicates that when the individuals were caged together but cannot mate, transmission did not occur. In effect, in the capsule environment, the copulation between individuals of the opposite why sex is more likely than the co-feeding in the same grape leaf: two individuals may never be in contact with the same leaf portion during the relatively short period when they are caged together, on the other hand the capsule is small enough to make the mating very likely. The results concerning the diets used in venereal transmission experiments from infected males to females showed that no positive GW 572016 signals were detected in samples corresponding to 24 or 48 hours of incubation by quantitative PCR. A possible explanation could be that the bacterial colonization takes longer periods when it starts from the gonads (rather than the gut), passing through the hemocoel and finally reaching the salivary glands. Only when the salivary glands are colonized is the symbiont released into the feeding medium. After 72 hours, one of the five diets was gfp gene-positive (20%), and after 96 hours the infection rate raised a value of 29% (2 out of 7) (Figure 1B).