Abnormal expression and/or dysfunction of NEK8 are related to can

Abnormal expression and/or dysfunction of NEK8 are related to cancer development and progression. However, the mechanisms that regulate NEK8 are not well declared. We demonstrated here that pVHL may be involved in regulating NEK8. We found that CAK-I cells with wild-type

vhl expressed a lower level of NEK8 than the cells loss of vhl, such as 786-O, 769-P, and A-498 cells. Moreover, pVHL overexpression down-regulated the NEK8 protein in 786-O cells, whereas pVHL knockdown up-regulated NEK8 in CAK-I cells. In addition, we found that the positive hypoxia response elements (HREs) are located in the promoter of the nek8 sequence and hypoxia Z-VAD-FMK concentration could induce nek8 expression in different cell types. Consistent with this, down-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factors alpha (HIF-1 alpha or HIF-2 alpha) by isoform-specific siRNA reduced the ability selleck chemicals of hypoxia inducing nek8 expression. In vivo, NEK8 and HIF-1 alpha expression were increased in kidneys of rats subjected to an experimental hypoxia model of ischemia and reperfusion. Furthermore, NEK8 siRNA transfection significantly blocked pVHL-knockdown-induced cilia disassembling, through impairing the pVHL-knockdown-up-regulated NEK8 expression. These results support that nek8 may be a novel hypoxia-inducible gene. In conclusion, our findings show that nek8 may be a new HIF target gene and pVHL can down-regulate NEK8 via HIFs to maintain the

primary cilia structure in human renal cancer cells.”
“Plant growth and defence are both fuelled by compounds synthesized from a common pool of carbon and nitrogen, implying the existence

of a competition for carbon and nitrogen allocation to both metabolisms.\n\nThe ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C:N) of an organ is often regarded as a convenient indicator of growth and quality. The purpose of this work was to assess whether or not it is possible to extend its use to characterize the trade-off between growth and defence processes. Therefore, we calculated C:N ratios in the pool of resources and in the total plant, and Vorinostat correlated them to the concentrations of diverse compounds of the primary and secondary metabolisms in young tomatoes.\n\nPlants were grown hydroponically at N availabilities either limiting (0.1 mM) or not (7 mM) for growth in two glasshouses maintained either under ambient or enriched (700 vpm) air CO2. These conditions yielded a large array of C:N in fully developed leaves, developing leaves, stem and roots, sampled 27, 35 and 47 days after sowing. Growth parameters and tissue concentrations of primary metabolites (carbohydrates, starch), defence-related compounds (polyphenols, glycoalkaloids), lignin, nitrate, ammonium, C and N were analyzed. Net CO2 exchange rate was also measured at the last sampling date.\n\nLow N limited plant growth more than photosynthesis. The C:N in the resource pool was far higher than the total C:N.

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