Autophagy is an adaptive, cell survival-promoting mechanism. However, it is also considered a cell death-inducing condition that, if prolonged, can lead to what is known as “nonapoptotic type II programmed cell death.” To study whether the autophagic activation in our model promotes or compromises cell survival, we treated HeLa cells stably expressing mtdsRed with 3MA, a class III PI3K inhibitor often applied as a suppressor of autophagosomal formation.24 Previous reports have shown that EFV exerts an inhibitory effect on cell viability and proliferation in both Hep3B and HeLa, with higher concentrations of this drug promoting apoptosis.13 Our experiments revealed DNA Methyltransferas inhibitor that inhibition

of autophagy worsened the damaging effect of EFV, suggesting that autophagy plays a cell survival-promoting role. Static cytometry showed that exposure to EFV (24

hours) produced a concentration-dependent cell number reduction (92.35 ± 3.50% and 43.04 ± 2.74% in EFV 25 μM and 50 μM, respectively, versus 100% in untreated cells). Importantly, this reduction was more pronounced in the presence of 3MA (76.84 ± 5.22% and 30.36 ± 2.11% in EFV 25 μM and 50 μM, respectively, versus 100% in 3MA-treated controls) (Fig. 7A). When we studied the mitochondrial signal by means of mtdsRed fluorescence, cells treated with EFV 25 μM in the presence of 3MA showed higher mean fluorescence values than those in which autophagy was not inhibited. However, in the case of EFV 50 μM Opaganib the increase in the red signal was modest and without statistical significance.

This provides further confirmation that EFV 50 μM leads to a blockage of the autophagic pathway in our model. Finally, no significant changes were detected with the lowest EFV concentration (10 μM) in the presence of 3MA (Fig. 7A). Similarly, incubation with 3MA alone did not affect cell number or mean mtdsRed fluorescence (data not shown). A similar effect of 3MA regarding cell survival was observed in Hep3B (Fig. 7B) and primary human hepatocytes (Fig. 8E). Moreover, we performed Bivariate Annexin V/PI analysis selleckchem to address the induction of apoptotic cell death in Hep3B cells subjected to EFV in the presence of 3MA. The presence of four cellular subpopulations was evaluated by static cytometry: vital (double negative), apoptotic (Annexin V+/PI−), late apoptotic/necrotic (Annexin V+/PI+), and damaged cells (Annexin V−/PI+) cells. As displayed in Fig. 7B. cotreatment with 3MA enhances the apoptotic effect of EFV but it does not interfere with the action of the common apoptotic inducer STS, thus suggesting a specific role of autophagy in the EFV-induced effect. Autophagy is a cellular self-digestion process crucial for cell differentiation and survival.25 All eukaryotic cells rely on constitutive autophagy to carry out the basal elimination of damaged organelles.