Nanotechnology programs of nations – initiatives and strategies A survey published by Allianz [10] indicates that many countries have developed their nanotechnology programs selleck compound up to some levels. Almost all countries covered in this review recognized nanotechnology as an interdisciplinary field involving funding and participation from various organizations/ministries/agencies of government and the private sector. It should be noted that nanotechnology can be carried out independently by federal governments, state/regional governments, agencies, and private players

with the proper policy/legal frame work in place; however, best results are usually achieved by networking and collaboration strategies. Generally, nanotechnology is still at its initial phase of development all over the world. However, advancements made differ from country to country such that nations are grouped on a global scale [11] as  National activity nations  Current R/D empowerment nations  Demonstration of interest nations Cozzens et al. [12] further classified these countries as very high development, high development,

Selleck GS1101 medium development, and low development using the United Nations Human Development Index (UN-HDI). They reported that ‘the last three categories mentioned above combines roughly to be the developing countries’ and of course the LDC. Most African nations belong to the last two categories. This LY333531 in vitro nanotechnology ranking is simply based on various indicators such as their levels in  Policy and legal framework  Funding and investments  Human resources development  Industries scenario/economic impact Nanotechnology is revolutionizing industrial activities in the ‘very high developed

and high developed countries’ of the world due to sound policy put in place and huge investment in R/D and infrastructural development. The major players at national activity group include USA, China, Japan, Russia and European countries. Next on current R/D empowerment scale include India, Brazil, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, and South Africa among the developing countries, while many countries particularly in Africa are at the lowest level of ‘demonstration of interest stage’ with no budgetary allocations whatsoever. National Sodium butyrate activity nations Some nations under national activity nations in this our study include USA, Japan, China, UK, Germany, and Russia, among others. The USA National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) launched in 2001 was her first Federal government effort [13]. USA-NNI is under the supervision of National Science and Technology Council, coordinating nanoactivities of more than 25 federal agencies of which 15 have specific nanotechnology budgets. USA has invested about US$15.6 billion for nanotechnology (2001 to 2012) and had her FY2013 budget estimate of about US$1.767 billion [14].