Clin Exp Allergy 2002,32(12):1690–1698.PubMedCrossRef 48. Martino DJ, Currie H, Taylor A, Conway P, Prescott SL: Relationship between early intestinal colonization, mucosal immunoglobulin A production and systemic immune development. Clin Exp Allergy 2008,38(1):69–78.PubMed

49. Meyer-Hoffert U, Hornef MW, Henriques-Normark B, Axelsson L-G, Midtvedt T, Putsep K, Andersson M: Secreted enteric antimicrobial activity localises to the mucus surface layer. Gut 2008, 57:764–771.PubMedCrossRef 50. Salzman NH, Hung K, Haribhai D, Chu H, Karlsson-Sjoberg J, Amir E, Teggatz P, Barman M, Hayward M, Eastwood D, Stoel M, Zhou Y, Sodergren E, Weinstock GM, Bevins CL, Williams CB, Bos NA: Enteric defensins are essential regulators LY333531 cell line of intestinal microbial ecology. Nat Immunol 2010,11(1):76–83.PubMedCrossRef 51. Savilahti EM, Kukkonen AK, Haahtela T, Tuure T, Kuitunen M, Savilahti E: Intestinal defensin secretion in infancy is selleck products associated with the emergence of sensitization and atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2012, 42:405–411.PubMedCrossRef 52. Wehkamp J, Salzman NH, Porter E, Nuding S, Weichenthal M, Petras RE, Shen B, Schaeffeler E, Schwab M, Linzmeier R, Feathers RW, Chu H, Lima H, Fellerman K, Ganz T, Stange

EF, Bevins CL: Reduced Paneth cells alpha-defensins in ileal Crohn’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005,102(50):18129–18134.PubMedCrossRef 53. Maynard CL, Elson CO, Hatton RD, Weaver CT: Reciprocal interactions of the intestinal microbiota and immune system. Nature 2012, 489:231–241.PubMedCrossRef 54. Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN, Purdom E, Dethlefsen L, Sargent Farnesyltransferase M, Gill SR, Melson KE, Relman DA: Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science 2005,308(5728):1635–1638.PubMedCrossRef 55. Hooper LV, Wong MH, Thelin A, Hansson L, Falk PG, Gordon JI: Molecular analysis of commensal host-microbial relationships in the intestine. Science 2001,291(5505):881–884.PubMedCrossRef 56. Rosenfeldt V, Benfeldt E, Valerius NH, Paerregaard A, Michaelsen KF: Effect of probiotics on gastrointestinal symptoms and small intestinal permeability

in cildren with atopic dermatitis. J Pediatr 2004,145(5):612–616.PubMedCrossRef 57. Forbes EE, Groschwitz K, Abonia JP, Brandt EB, Cohen E, Blanchard C, Ahrens R, Seidu L, McKenzie A, Strait R, Finkelman FD, Foster PS, Matthaei KI, Rothenberg ME, Hogan SP: IL-9- and mast cell-mediated intestinal permeability predisposes to oral antigen hypersensitivity. J Exp Med 2008,205(4):897–913.PubMedCrossRef 58. Isolauri E, Salminen S: Probiotics: use in allergic disorders: a Nutrition, Allergy, Mucosal this website Immunology and Intestinal Microbiota (NAMI) research group Report. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008,42(Suppl):S91-S96.PubMedCrossRef 59. Renz H, von Mutius E, Brandtzaeg P, Cookson WO, Autenrieth IB, Haller D: Gene-environment interactions in chronic inflammatory disease. Nature Immunol 2011,12(4):273–277.CrossRef 60.