Wortmannin solubility clinical assessments PTSD diagnostic status and symptom severity was assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) (Blake et al. 1995) and history of moderate-to-severe childhood trauma was confirmed for PTSD subjects by

retrospective self-report using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) (Bernstein et al. 2003). Depressive symptom severity was measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (Beck et al. 1996). The CAPS and CTQ were also administered to the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical group of psychologically healthy women to rule out the presence of any PTSD-related symptoms and lifetime trauma history. In addition, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR AXIS I Disorders (SCID-I) (First et al. 1996) was administered to identify comorbid Axis I conditions

in the sample with PTSD and to rule out the presence of any current or past Axis I conditions in the control group. http://www.selleckchem.com/products/pacritinib-sb1518.html Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study sample are reported in Table ​Table11. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study sample Assessments of empathic responding The IRI (Davis 1980, 1983) is a 28-item, self-report questionnaire based on the multidimensional models of empathy consisting of four, 7-item subscales, designed to tap different cognitive and emotional components of empathy. Specifically, the perspective taking and fantasy Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical subscales measure the cognitive aspects of empathy, whereas the empathic concern and personal distress subscales measure the emotional aspects of empathy. The perspective taking subscale assesses the ability

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to take on the psychological point of view of others, allowing one to anticipate the behavior and reactions of others (e.g., I sometimes find it difficult to see things from the “other guy’s” point of view). This subscale is associated with emotional sensitivity (Cliffordson 2002). The fantasy subscale assesses the tendency to imagine oneself experiencing the feelings and behaviors of fictitious characters in books, movies, and plays (e.g., after seeing a play or movie, I have felt as though Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical I were one of the characters) and may be related to imagination (Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright 2004), general verbal skills, and the ability to engage others in social interaction (Cliffordson 2002). The empathic concern subscale measures the tendency to experience feelings Batimastat of sympathy and concern for unfortunate others (e.g., I often have tender, concerned feelings for people less fortunate than me). This subscale is also reflective of an ability to receive and understand verbal communication (Cliffordson 2002) and individuals scoring high in empathic concern tend to have good general knowledge regarding the norms of appropriate social behavior (Riggio 1986; Riggio and Tucker 1989). Finally, the personal distress subscale assesses personal anxiety and discomfort experienced in emotional social settings (e.g., being in a tense emotional situation scares me).