coli is exposed to oxidative radicals [31-32]. For this, paraquat, cadmium chloride and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were used. Strain BBTNrdA gave no response when exposed to parquat or cadmium chloride (Figure 3 A and B), but a mild response was seen with a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exposure (Figure 2 C). It is not surprising that the nrdA::luxCDABE responded to H2O2 since some reports showed that strain DPD2794, another DNA damage-sensitive biosensor, also responded to this compound [25]. Of course, the response mechanisms of each gene for a given chemical are different, but from our results it is clear is that H2O2 can lead to DNA damage.Figure 3.
Maximum relative luminescence values seen from strain BBTNrdA after being exposed to different concentrations of (A) paraquat, (B) cadmium chloride and (C) hydrogen peroxide.
Furthermore, additional experiments were conducted using membrane-damaging chemicals, i.e., phenol, 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP) [34]. Figure 4 shows that there was no response to these chemicals. This was expected since these compounds should have no effect on the structure or replication of the cellular DNA. Taken together with the results from the oxidative compounds, these results demonstrate that the nrdA gene expression level is not induced by membrane damaging or oxidative toxicants, but only by DNA damaging compounds.Figure 4.
Maximum relative luminescence values seen from strain BBTNrdA after exposure to different concentration of (A) phenol, (B) 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), (C) 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and (D) 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP).
Organisms often encounter abnormal and potentially harmful environments. In response to such conditions, bacterial cells alter their gene expression patterns GSK-3 and, depending on the stress experienced, the pr
In casinos the score of dice is generally obtained by visual inspection because of suspicions about the potential for cheating with electronic Entinostat devices. Here, we propose an automated detection system with machine vision to execute such inspection. Machine vision is a powerful tool and is widely employed in automatic monitoring and detecting processes.
Many applications [1, 2] for dice gambling machines using machine vision have been proposed. Lapanja et al. [1] provided a complete overview of a reliability control module for an electro-mechanical dice gambling machine based on a machine vision technique. The chroma-key principle and the smoothing vectors were used to estimate the location of each die, and a template matching technique was proposed for fine-tuning and detecting the number of spots. However, estimated results depended on the image contrast.