Commercially available primary antibodies against PTEN, phosphorylated AKTser473, total AKT (Cell signaling biotechnology, Danvers, MA), SP1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz,

CA), α-tubulin (Sigma, St Louis, MO), and β-actin (Sigma) were used for protein analysis. A total of 2 × 105 cells suspended in 100 μL serum-free medium were seeded in the top chamber of SAHA HDAC the transwell (Techno Plastic Products, Trasadingen, Switzerland), and full serum medium was added at the bottom of the well. Cells were allowed to move across the pores and adhere on the bottom membrane of the transwell. Cells were then fixed with 75% methanol and stained with crystal violet for 1 hour. Five randomized fields were captured in each transwell under the microscope and counted. To rule out the effects of different cell proliferation rates that might alter the results, cells were treated with 10 μg/mL of mitomycin C before the assay

was performed. Matrigel basement membrane matrix Akt inhibitor (BD Biosciences) was diluted four-fold with serum-free medium and coated onto the membrane of Transwell filters. Cells were seeded as stated above on top of the Matrigel. Cells capable of invading secreted enzymes to digest the components of the Matrigel were allowed to move across and adhere onto the bottom membrane of the transwell. Cells were fixed and counted as stated in the Transwell migration assay. To rule out effects of different cell proliferation rates that might alter the results, cells were Celecoxib treated with 10 μg/mL of mitomycin C before the assay was performed. Conditioned medium of each sample was concentrated 10-fold using centrifugal filter devices (Millipore, Billerica,

MA), mixed with equal portion of 2× sample buffer, then separated by way of SDS-PAGE with addition of 0.1% gelatin. Gels were incubated with 1× Zymogram renaturing buffer (2.7% [wt/vol] Triton X-100), followed by 1× Zymogram developing buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl [pH 7.4], 0.2 M NaCl, 5 mM CaCl2, and 1 mM ZnCl) at room temperature for 30 minutes. After overnight incubation at 37°C, gels were stained with R-250 Coomassie blue for 1 hour and washed with destaining solution. Enzyme activity was visualized as clear bands. Cells were cotransfected with either wild-type MMP2 promoter or MMP2 promoter with mutation of the putative SP1 binding motif (−1951 to +74 nucleotides derived from transactional start site) in pGL3-Basic and PGK-Renilla luciferase constructs. Cells were harvested 24 hours after transfection, and the luciferase activity driven by the MMP2 promoter under different cellular levels of exogenous SP1 protein was determined using the Dual Luciferase Assay System (Promega, Madison, WI).