Hepatocyte apoptosis is a characteristic

feature of NASH as opposed to simple steatosis.92,93 Recently, a prospective study in Chinese patients with paired liver biopsies confirmed that alterations in serum cytokeratin-18 fragment level correlated well with changes in the NAFLD activity score.79 Likewise, serum levels of adipokines have been tested in NAFLD subjects. In general, patients with NASH tend to have lower serum levels of adiponectin and higher tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 level.24,65 However, the overall accuracy of these markers has not been fully evaluated and is probably limited by their variability with time. As the hepatic manifestation of the MetS, it is expected that coronary artery disease (CAD) will be an important cause of Neratinib chemical structure morbidity and mortality in longitudinal studies. This has been borne out PI3K inhibitor in both population-based as well as clinic-based studies. However, data are accruing that the CAD risk with NAFLD may be greater than that expected through its association with the MetS.94 Possible mechanisms include

the contributions of NAFLD-related pathogenetic processes and epiphenomena such as oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine alterations, changes in blood coagulation and an unfavorable atherogenic lipid profile. In a study of 317 adult Iranian patients undergoing coronary angiography, the detection of fatty liver by ultrasound scan increased 8-fold the risk of significant coronary artery disease.95 In addition, there are several studies showing an association with other markers of general cardiovascular risk such as carotid intima-media thickness,96,97 and total

Framingham risk score98 as well as those specific to CAD (coronary artery calcium score).99 However, since prospective data linking NAFLD and hard cardiovascular outcomes are not consistent among studies, routine workup for coronary selleck chemical artery disease cannot be recommended at this stage. Nevertheless, clinicians should be alert for symptoms and signs of vascular diseases. Lifestyle modification is the cornerstone of management of NAFLD. In observational studies, even modest weight loss (2–3 kg) is associated with reduction in hepatic steatosis and other histological improvement.79,100 Lifestyle programs emphasizing calorie and fat restriction and regular exercise have been successfully implemented both in adults101–103 and also children.104 Aerobic exercise training has been shown to reduce intrahepatic triglycerides and visceral fat even in the absence of significant weight changes. In a randomized controlled trial conducted in Australia, 19 NAFLD patients were randomized to aerobic exercise training or usual treatment for 4 weeks.105 Using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, patients undergoing aerobic exercise training showed a 21% reduction in hepatic triglyceride content and a 12% reduction in visceral fat. However, a combination of diet and exercise appears to be superior to either diet or exercise alone.