K.). Standard SPM preprocessing of the functional time series was performed individually for each subject. The functional scans were slice time-corrected, realigned to the first volume to correct for interscan motion, coregistered to the T2 image, normalized to a standard template (Montreal Neurological Institute), and spatially smoothed with an 8 × 8 × 8 mm3 full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) Gaussian kernel. First-level analyses were conducted individually for each participant with

a general linear model (GLM) to quantify the relationship between event-related BOLD signals and regressors encoding neural responses Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to trial factors. In other words, each trial (with cue and outcome components) was modeled as a single (compound) event and response components were modeled in terms of putative processing components elicited by the task design. Specifically, regressors were created by convolving a train of delta functions that represented the individual trial types with the canonical Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical hemodynamic response function, composed of two gamma functions Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (Friston et al. 1998). The six-movement estimates from the realignment procedure were entered as covariates of no interest (Johnstone et al. 2006). The design matrix comprises

nine regressors of interest: six for cue (reward vs. non-reward) and flanker-type (congruent or incongruent) effects and three for outcome-related effects. The six-cue regressors consisted of two regressors modeling the main effect of reward versus non-reward cue Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical over all trials (i.e., anticipation), and an additional four regressors to model the effects of reward cue and target congruence (and their interaction) for correct (and nonpunishment) trials. The three outcome-related effects were reward following reward cue, non-reward following reward cue, and non-reward following non-reward cue. Due to high accuracy of performance and few punishment outcomes (i.e., not

enough events were present to generate Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical a composite image), we did not introduce a punishment regressor. This event-related analytic MS-275 mouse approach is optimal for this particular task design because the presentation of cues and flankers are orthogonal. The main effect of reward anticipation was tested with appropriate linear contrasts of the parameter 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase estimates for the reward cue minus non-reward cue. The neural substrate of cognitive conflict was tested by contrasting incongruent versus congruent flankers (i.e., the main effect of congruency in correct trials). In addition, the interaction between reward anticipation and conflict resolution in correct trials was tested by contrasting incongruent targets minus congruent targets preceded by reward cues versus non-reward cues. The reward outcome effects were tested with two contrasts: the effect of reward per se was summarized by subtracting the expected non-reward from the expected reward.