Men (but not women) with PAD were more likely to be current smokers (p = 0.001) than men without PAD. Table 1 Baseline characteristics by sex and ankle–brachial index groups Men Women ABI > 0.9 (n = 456) ABI ≤ 0.90 (n = 70) P value ABI > 0.9 (n = 680) ABI ≤ 0.90 (n = 124) P value Mean (SD) YM155 Percentage (%) Mean (SD) Percentage (%) Mean (SD) Percentage
(%) Mean (SD) Percentage (%) Age (years) 73.2 (8.7) 76.9 (9.0) 0.001 73.2 (9.0) 77.1 (11.3) <0.001 BMI (kg/m2) 26.2 (3.6) 25.4 (3.4) 0.10 24.7 (4.0) 24.1 (4.2) 0.16 SBP (mmHg) 136.7 (20.4) 142.4 (20.7) 0.03 138.6 (21.8) 145.7 (24.6) 0.001 Lipids Triglycerides 128.3 (86.7) 141.5 (136.8) 0.28 127.8 (70.7) 136.7 (77.0) 0.21 Total cholesterol 196.8 (34.6) 200.2 (39.4) see more 0.46 215.5 (35.7) selleck chemicals 217.1 (40.4) 0.66 LDL 124.4 (29.6) 121.4 (34.0) 0.45 126.5 (33.1) 131.1 (40.0) 0.17 HDL 48.9 (13.8) 49.7 (13.5) 0.67 65.3 (17.1) 60.4 (15.9) 0.003 TC/HDL 4.28 (1.2) 4.27 (1.4) 0.98 3.5 (1.1) 3.8 (1.3) 0.003 Renal function CrCla 59.08 (57.6) 53.74 (49.88) 0.011 57.34 (56.1) 52.43 (49.6) 0.002 Lifestyle Exercise ≥3/week 79.3 67.1 0.02 72.2 59.7 0.005 Current smoker 4.6 14.3 0.001 7.2 11.3 0.12 Alcohol use ≥3/week 55.4 50.0 0.40 41.7 30.6 0.02 Medications Estrogen – – – 42.9 30.6
0.01 Calcium supp 21.5 8.6 0.01 51.5 36.3 0.002 Vitamin D supp 8.8 4.3 0.20 20.0 15.3 0.23 Thiazides 8.4 10.1 0.62 7.8 6.5 0.62 Lipid lowering 11.7 14.5 0.51 12.6 14.8 0.52 Beta blockers 10.1 below 13.4 0.40 11.2 13.8 0.42 Calcium channel blocker 16.8 19.4 0.81 12.6 14.7 0.54 Medical history Hypertension 70.5 74.3 0.52 70.9 79.0 0.06 Diabetes 9.2 15.7 0.09 5.6 9.7 0.08 Chronic Kidney Diseaseb 41.7 56.7 0.021 64.5 75.4 0.021 aCreatinine clearance by the Cockcroft-Gault equation bDefined as CrCl < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 Participants who did not return for the follow-up visit were older (75.8 vs. 72.6 years, p < 0.01), had lower mean ABI (1.02 vs. 1.06, p < 0.01) and were more likely to have categorically defined
PAD (19.5%1 vs. 11.7% p < 0.001) when compared to participants who returned for the follow-up visit. They were also more likely to have total hip and femoral neck osteoporosis (18.4% vs. 12.2%, p = 0.002 and 49.5% vs. 42.1%, p = 0.03, respectively) but had similar prevalence of vertebral and nonvertebral osteoporotic fractures. The BMD, BMD change, and prevalent and incident osteoporotic fractures are shown in Table 2. The only statistically significant differences were that men with PAD had lower BMD at the femoral neck (p = 0.03), and women with PAD had a significantly higher rate of bone loss at the hip (−0.86%/year vs. −0.52%/year, p = 0.05) when compared to men and women without PAD. Compared to women without PAD, the prevalence of osteoporosis by WHO (T score) criteria at the femoral neck and hip was significantly higher in women with PAD (59.