Nevertheless, the antibody–antigen complex was not Crizotinib retained in the nucleus probably because of the different efficiencies of the available

import and export signal sequences. The mutation-dependent export domain of NPMc+ reverts the predominantly nucleolar localization enabled by the two NLS sequences embedded into the NPM1 sequence. Apparently, even the addition of four NLS sequences to the scFv did not significantly modify the NPMc+ sub-cellular statistical distribution. Insufficient total driving strength and structural hindrance due to the repeats could be responsible for the negative result. Furthermore, the affinity and the dissociation kinetics of the antibody to its antigen could represent two additional crucial factors for the regulation of NPMc+ shuttling. The accessibility of the NPMc+ epitope for the scFv is probably critical for regulating Selleck 5-FU the binding kinetics: too rapid release from its antigen would impair nucleolar import, whereas too strong binding

could block NPMc+ export. Altogether, these data suggest that our strategy of relocating NPMc+ could be feasible whether a suitable NLS, alone or in combination with adaptor proteins [41], would be available to compete with the super-physiological NES. There are very few scientific reports that investigated quantitatively the molecular parameters controlling the effectiveness of leader sequences [22] and [42] and no obvious candidate is available for our model. We believe that an effort in discovering leader sequences to tune the delivery of recombinant antibodies with different binding features would Glycogen branching enzyme be very useful and allow the modulation of protein sub-cellular (re)localization for therapeutic applications. The authors declare

no commercial or financial conflict of interest. C.M. performed research and analyzed data; C.S. and D.P. performed research; E.C., P.G.P., and A.dM. designed research and analyzed data, C.M. and A.dM. wrote the manuscript. All the authors have approved the final version of the manuscript. The authors are grateful to S. Bossi and G. Ossolengo for technical support with insect cell culture and protein purifications. This work was supported by Grants from AIRC (Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) to E.C., P.G.P., and A.d.M. “
“Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT, E.C. 2.1.1.6) is a methyltransferase enzyme that catalyses the transfer of the methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to one of the hydroxyl groups of the catechol substrate (including catecholamine neurotransmitters and catechol estrogens) in the presence of Mg2+ [1]. This methylation reaction is a sequentially ordered mechanism, with SAM being the first to bind to the enzyme, followed by the Mg2+ ion and finally the substrate [1]. The enzyme exists as two isoforms: a soluble, cytosolic protein (SCOMT) and a membrane-bound protein (MBCOMT) [2], both coded by the same gene (located in chromosome 22) from two promoters.