Of subjects who reported pain at enrollment, 420 did not provide information on pain intensity selleck kinase inhibitor because this question was not administered at the 1993 assessment. During follow-up, 2,760 subjects (44%) reported not currently smoking at a subsequent interview (i.e., quitting smoking). Table 2. Selected Characteristics of Smokers at Time of Enrollment (n = 6,258) In univariate analysis, quitting smoking was associated with an OR of 1.22 (1.09, 1.35, p < .001) for the occurrence of any pain in smokers who did not report pain at enrollment (Group A), demonstrating that smokers who quit smoking were more likely to develop pain. The univariate OR relating quitting smoking and the transition to moderate or severe pain among those who initially reported no pain or mild pain (Group B) was 1.09 (0.

98, 1.22, p = .108). However, in multivariate analyses, quitting smoking was not independently related to either the occurrence or the worsening of pain (Table 3). The adjusted ORs for the other factors included in the model as covariates were similar in the analyses of Groups A and B. In the two multivariate regressions (Table 3), factors consistently associated with a lower likelihood of reporting the occurrence or worsening of pain included being non-Hispanic Black, older age, not being depressed, better self-rated health, not having arthritis, and a BMI lower than 30. Table 3. The Association Between Selected Factors and the Occurrence (Group A) Or Worsening (Group B) of Pain (OR and 95% CI) In univariate analysis, quitting smoking was related to an OR of 0.98 (0.85, 1.14, p = .

829) for the resolution of pain in those who reported any pain at enrollment (Group C), demonstrating that smokers who quit were not more likely to experience resolution of pain. The univariate OR relating quitting smoking and the transition to no pain or mild pain among those who initially reported moderate or severe pain (Group D) was 0.89 (0.73, 1.08, p = .226). In multivariate analyses, quitting smoking was not independently associated with either the resolution or the improvement of pain (Table 4). Factors independently associated with higher likelihood of reporting the resolution or improvement of pain included not being depressed, better self-rated health, and not having arthritis. Table 4.

The Cilengitide Association Between Selected Factors and Resolution (Group C) Or Improvement (Group D) of Pain (OR and 95% CI) Discussion The main finding of this longitudinal study of older smokers was that smoking abstinence was not independently associated with either the improvement or the exacerbation of pain. The mechanisms responsible for the association between smoking and pain have not been fully elucidated but may involve several factors (Shi, Weingarten, Mantilla, Hooten, & Warner, 2010).