Our study used a systematic approach to define antigenic peptides within GAD65, to confirm the processing of the

epitopes within these peptides, and to assess the breadth of GAD65-specific T cells and the prevalence and magnitude Selleck CHIR99021 of responses for subjects with T1D and healthy control subjects with DR0401 haplotypes by examining responses to these epitopes either in the presence or absence of CD25+ T cells. Fresh blood samples were obtained from healthy individuals and subjects with T1D who had DR0401 haplotypes, after obtaining written consent under an Institutional Review Board approved study. Patients with diabetes recruited to the study were within 3 years of initial diagnosis. The following fluorescent antibodies were used: anti-human CD3-FITC, CD25-allophycocyanin (APC) and CD45RA-APC (eBioscience, San Diego, CA), CD4-peridinin chlorophyll protein (PerCP) and CD4-PerCP-Cy5.5 (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA), and streptavidin-R-phycoerythrin buy Bortezomib (Biosource International, Camarillo, CA). Tetramers for screening peptide pools and mapping individual epitopes were generated as previously described.[18, 19] Briefly, HLA-DRA1/DRB1*0401 protein was expressed and purified from insect cell culture supernatants. Following in vitro biotinylation, class II monomers were loaded with either peptide pools or individual peptides by incubating for 48 hr at 37° with 25-fold molar

excess of peptide (total) in phosphate buffer, pH 6·0 in the presence of 0·2% n-octyl-d-β-glucopyranoside. Tetramers were formed by incubating class II molecules with phycoerythrin-labelled streptavidin

for 6–18 hr at room temperature at a molar ratio of 8 to 1. A panel of 72 peptides (20 residues in length with a 12-residue overlap) was designed based on the GAD65 GenBank sequence (Accession #CAH73659) and purchased from Mimotopes (Clayton, Australia). Individual peptides were dissolved in DMSO at 10 mg/ml; peptide pools were prepared by mixing equal volumes of five consecutive peptides (2 mg/ml final of each single peptide). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from heparinized blood by Ficoll underlay. CD4+ T cells were isolated from PBMC using a ‘no touch’ CD4+ cell isolation kit (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, CA). As the goal was to examine the diversity of the GAD-specific T cells in all subjects, for repertoire comparison experiments acetylcholine CD25+ T cells were depleted before in vitro culture expansion using CD25 microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec) as previously described to remove regulatory T cells and increase the magnitude of responses.[19] In a second set of experiments, responses were evaluated without removing CD25+ cells. CD4+ T cells (or CD4+ CD25– T cells) were seeded in 48-well plates at 2·5 × 106 cells/well in T-cell medium (RPMI-1640 with 10% pooled human serum) and stimulated with one peptide pool (containing five peptides each at 2 μg/ml) per well. After 1 week, 20 U/ml human interleukin-2 (Hemagen, Columbia, MA) was added to each well.