Recently, the over expression of AAC has already been observed in breast cancer cell [19], and AAC was regarded as a

potential biomarker for therapy and prognosis in breast cancer. The 3 novel down-regulated proteins in this study are mainly involved in metabolism, oxidative stress and proliferation. Rho-GTPase-activating protein 4 (ARHGAP4) is a member of the Rho GTPase activating protein (RhoGAP) family. The RhoGAP family proteins play an important role in regulating cell migration, cell morphology and cytoskeletal or ganization [20]. The RhoGAP transcripts were found to be truncated or lowly expressed in some breast carcinoma cell lines, indicating that loss of RhoGAP Epacadostat order or its altered activity may suppresse the growth of breast tumor cells [21]. Deleted in liver cancer-1

gene (DLC-1) which is isolated from human hepatocellular https://www.selleckchem.com/products/defactinib.html carcinoma and encodes a Rho GTPase-activating protein, is frequently inactivated or down-regulated in liver and prostate carcinoma cells [22]. As a tumor suppressor gene, DLC1 significantly inhibits cell proliferation, reduced the motility and invasiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma cells [23]. Our results in this study showed a low expression of ARHGAP4 at the protein level in 83% of 6 human HCC tested [see Additional file 1]. However, no data have been given to demonstrate the role of ARHGAP4 in hepatocarcinogenesis till now, and the relationship between ARHGAP4 and DLC1 need to be further evaluated. Antioxidant protein 2(AOP2), a unique member of the thiol-specific antioxidant family of proteins, has been shown to remove H2O2 and protect

proteins and DNA from oxidative stress [24, 25]. Oxidative damage usually leads to decrease ATP level and consequently play an important Pembrolizumab role in carcinogenesis and metastasis of HCC [26, 27]. Increased expression of the stress proteins such as HSP, heat shock cognate (HSC), glucose-regulated protein (GRP) and glycolytic enzymes was found in HCC using 2-DE-based proteomics [28]. Ezzikouri et al further defined that hepatitis B and C viruses may induce chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, which could predispose a cell to mutagenesis and proliferation [29]. Decreased expression of AOP2 has been previously reported in human prostate cancer [30] and colon cancer cells [31]. In this study, AOP2 was firstly found to be down-regulated in HCC tissues, indicating that HCC cells are in a state of elevated stress and PP2 chemical structure stimulated metabolism. C(1)-tetrahydrofolate (THF) synthase, the eukaryotic trifunctional enzyme, interconvert folic acid derivatives between various oxidation states and is critical for normal cellular function, growth, and differentiation [32]. Howard et al found that the expression patterns of C(1)-THF synthase was involved in liver regeneration [33]. The function and acting mechanisms of this protein await further study.