Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies are among the most common EGFR targeting agents and have been used clinically for

treating various malignancies [26]. Recently, it was reported that mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR gene can predict the response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors [27]. And if alleles with EGFR mutations are amplified, the response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors may differ relative to mutant alleles without gene amplification [28]. Thus, EGFR mutations enable the identification of the glioma subgroup that is likely to be addicted to EGFRs. Losses of chromosomes 1p and 19q are deemed correlated with the diagnosis of oligodendroglioma, higher PCV chemosensitivity and favorable prognosis [29]. The average rates of 1p deletion and 1p/19q codeletion were

respectively 65.4 and 63.3% in oligodendrogliomas, BIBF-1120 28.7 and 21.6% in oligoastrocytomas, 13.2 and 7.5% in astrocytomas, 11.6 and 2.9% in glioblastomas [30]. Established indicators of the favorable outcome of oligodendroglial tumors include LOH on chromosomes 1p and 19q, which may indicate a loss of function of as yet unknown tumor-suppressor genes located in those regions [31]. LOH of 1p Selleckchem BLZ945 in the heterogeneous population of malignant PF477736 gliomas may be one of the vital factors besides MGMT promoter methylation that predict better outcome in patients treated with TMZ [32]. Mutations in IDH1/2 are a common feature of a major subset of primary human brain tumors [33]. Recent studies reported that mutations usually affected amino acid 132 of IDH1 in more than 70% of grade II-III gliomas and secondary glioblastomas. Tumors without mutations in IDH1 often had mutations affecting the analogous amino acid (R172) of the IDH2 gene. Tumors with IDH1 or IDH2 mutations had distinctive genetic and clinical characteristics, and patients with such tumors had a better outcome than those with wild-type IDH genes Edoxaban [34, 35].

IDH1 mutation contributes to tumorigenesis partly through induction of the HIF-1 pathway [36]. And it has been recently reported that tumor-derived IDH1 and IDH2 mutations reduced α-KG and accumulated a α-KG antagonist, 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), leading to genome-wide histone and DNA methylation alterations [37]. 2-HG accumulation caused by IDH mutation was also reported to be involved in the formation of malignant gliomas [38]. A recent study has demonstrated that IDH mutation was correlated with a higher rate of response to temozolomide and appeared to be a significant marker of positive prognosis in low-grade gliomas [39]. Taken together, mutations in IDH genes seem to arise from a common glial precursor and play an important role in the formation of specific glioma subtype in which IDH1/2 mutation functions as oncogene addiction. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to a recently discovered class of small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate the expression of multiple target genes.