The chloroderivative of the diacid (I) was synthesized by its reaction with thionyl chloride, this was followed by condensation with different diamines with phenyl, naphthyl, ether, sulfide, and cardo groups to generate a series of diamidediimidediamines (DADIDAs). The resultant DADIDAs were characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic techniques, namely, CYT387 molecular weight Fourier transform infrared

spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy, and were used as epoxy curing agents to impart flame retardancy to the epoxy system. Two epoxy blends (designated as ES and EP) were prepared by the homogeneous mixing of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) with 1,3-bis(3-glycidyloxypropyl)tetramethyl disiloxane and DGEBA with tris(glycidyloxy)phosphine

oxide: each in a ratio of 3 : 2 respectively. The synergistic effect of phosphorus/silicon with nitrogen on the thermal properties of the modified epoxy system was studied. The curing behavior of the epoxy resins formulated by the reaction of stoichiometric HDAC inhibitor amounts of ES/EP with the synthesized DADIDAs were determined by differential scanning calorimetry, and the thermal stabilities of the cured epoxies were evaluated by thermogravimetric analyses (TGAs) under nitrogen and air. TGA indicated that the residual weight percentage of polymers at 800 degrees C was in the range 36.460.0 in nitrogen, and in air, it was up to 6.5. However, the major loss

in weight in air occurred at elevated temperature; this demonstrated their potential use as flame-retardant epoxy systems for electronic/electrical encapsulants. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“Crucial questions in the debate on the origin of quintessential human behaviours are whether modern cognition and associated innovations are unique to our species and whether they emerged abruptly, gradually or as the result of a discontinuous process. Three scenarios have been proposed to account for the origin of cultural modernity. The first argues that modern cognition is unique to our species and the consequence of a genetic mutation that took place approximately 50 ka in Africa among already Bromosporine cost evolved anatomically modern humans. The second posits that cultural modernity emerged gradually in Africa starting at least 200 ka in concert with the origin of our species on that continent. The third states that innovations indicative of modern cognition are not restricted to our species and appear and disappear in Africa and Eurasia between 200 and 40 ka before becoming fully consolidated. We evaluate these scenarios in the light of new evidence from Africa, Asia and Europe and explore the mechanisms that may have led to modern cultures.