The increased generation of ROS at the tissue level induces a wide range of biological click here activity such as lipid peroxidation, protein denaturation,

inactivation of enzymes and decomposition of cellular DNA.[70] In this way, ROS may cause cellular and tissue damage. These unwanted effects of ROS may cause impairment of ova or sperm function. Bacterial endotoxin-induced increase in ROS production may also cause caspase-mediated apoptosis.[69] This apoptosis-inducing effect of ROS may result in endometrial or tubal epithelial damage, and impairment in fertilization and sperm motility.[62, 63] We now know that innate immunity plays an important role in the initiation of immune response in the pelvic environment. A number of

widely accepted mechanisms involved in the development or pathogenesis of endometriosis are summarized and shown in Figure 3. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth of endometriosis in the pelvic Ipilimumab ic50 environment can be regulated by the innate immune system. We proposed for the first time a new concept ‘bacterial contamination hypothesis’ in endometriosis and involvement of LPS/TLR4 cascade in the growth regulation of endometriosis. Our results suggest that a substantial amount of endotoxin in peritoneal fluid due to reflux of menstrual blood is involved in pelvic inflammation and may promote TLR4-mediated growth of endometriosis. Targeting bacterial endotoxin, TLR4 or NF-κB could be useful as a therapeutic strategy to suppress pelvic inflammation and growth of endometriosis with consequent improvement in the quality of life and fertility rate of women who suffer from this enigmatic disease. Our ongoing study to find evidence of a subclinical infection within the vaginal cavity of women with endometriosis may hold new Thymidine kinase therapeutic potential in addition to conventional estrogen-suppressing agent. A complete understanding of the mechanisms of the innate immunity and TLR system will be helpful for the future development of innovative

therapies for the manipulation of endometriosis and other reproductive diseases. We thank Miss Kazumi Hayashida and Miss Kyoko Ishida, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan, for their excellent technical assistance. This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (no. 16591671 and 18591837) from the Ministry of Education, Sports, Culture, Science and Technology of Japan (to K. N. K.). None declared. “
“Shakuyaku-kanzo-to, a Kampo medicine composed equally of shakuyaku and kanzo, is an antispasmodic drug that can inhibit contraction of uterine smooth muscles in pregnant women and rats. We aimed to test the inhibitory effects of water- and lipid-soluble extracts of shakuyaku-kanzo-to, shakuyaku, and kanzo in order to identify the fraction responsible for inhibiting uterine smooth muscle contraction in pregnancy.