The

lowest ΔTErel = 6% is at the mouth of the fjord (plot 11). The mean TE for the whole fjord is 0.475, that is 119% of the ‘ocean’ value and is similar to the values for areas close to the nearly straight coastline with cliffs (without bays) (plots 3 and 9). The atmospheric transmittance at the station and at the Isbjornhamna surface (plot 2) is relatively high, TE = 0.53, 12% higher than the mean transmittance for the fjord. These proportions are representative of the visible part of the spectrum. For the summer albedo pattern and a cloud layer of τ = 12 situated 1 km above the fjord, the transmittance FAK inhibitor enhancement over the fjord is much less. TE ranges from 0.44–0.45 (ΔTErel = 11%) for the inner fjords closed off by a glacier to 0.41–0.42 (ΔTrel = 4%) for rock cliffs. The value ΔTErelE = 4% (TE = 0.42) is also representative of the whole fjord. At the mouth of the fjord, the transmittance enhancement

is negligible for the summer albedo pattern. For opaque clouds (τ = 12, h = 1 km, spring albedo pattern, λ = 469 nm and α = 180°) the relative enhancement in transmittance is practically independent of solar position and is nearly constant for ϑ from CB-839 chemical structure 53° to 79° ( Figure 6a). TE however, decreases with increasing ϑ, from 0.56 (the inner fjords) – 0.40 (the ocean) for ϑ = 53° to 0.35–0.25 for ϑ = 79°. An increase in cloud optical thickness results in increasing ΔTrelE (simulations for ϑ = 53°, h = 1 km, spring albedo pattern and λ = 469 nm), which is illustrated in Figure 6b. This is because the cloud albedo rises with τ. For τ = 30, ΔTrelE = 65% for the inner fjords (plots 5 and 8) and ΔTrelE = 29% for the whole Phosphoglycerate kinase fjord. The maximum transmittance enhancement ΔTE = 0.16 is found for the inner fjords and τ = 12. For the whole fjord the maximum ΔTE = 0.075 is also found for τ = 12. For a cloud optical thickness ranging from 5 to 30, ΔTE for each individual plot changes by  < 0.02, which is much less than the spatial

variability of ΔTE. The spatial distribution of TE is azimuthally independent for τ ≥ 12 (not shown in the figures). The sky radiance is then sufficiently independent of the azimuth. The irradiance on parts of the land that are above the cloud layer or in the cloud is an exception. Under a cloudless sky and optically thin clouds (τ = 5) the angular distribution of the incoming solar radiation depends on the sun’s position in the sky. Shading by the mountains and reflection of ‘direct’ light from the snow-covered cliffs facing the sun (plots 3 and 6) occurs. In the central part of the fjord and for snowy cliffs, ΔTE is the highest for a cloudless sky. Cloud base height is an important factor influencing atmospheric transmittance over the fjord.