The onset of worsening hypertension and pro teinuria coincided with the initiation of carfilzomib, as depicted in Figure 1. Secondly, there is a precedent of re ports of a drug of a similar class being associated with TMA. Thirdly, the patient partially recovered after the drug was discontinued. Renal TMA is a known complication selleck chemicals llc of HSCT that typ ically occurs approximately 3 months post transplantation. Notably, it is much more likely to occur after allogeneic compared to autologous HSCT, occurring in 8 12% following allogeneic HSCT. Although factors inherent to HSCT, such as graft versus host dis ease, high dose chemotherapy, and total body irradiation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of allogeneic HSCT associated renal TMA, it is generally thought that the use of calcineurin inhibitors may largely explain the increased incidence of renal TMA after allogeneic HSCT given the well described association between CIs and TMA in solid organ transplantation.

On the other hand, TMA associated with autolo gous HSCT is extremely rare, only case reports were found in the literature. In our case, the second autologous HSCT was performed more than a year prior to the onset of worsening proteinuria and malig nant hypertension. Therefore, the type of HSCT, the ab sence of CI therapy and the timing of the clinical presentation do not favor autologous HSCT as the pri mary etiology of renal TMA in our patient. Radiation therapy was not given in this case. The development of overt proteinuria along with un controlled hypertension stimulated the clinical decision to perform a kidney biopsy.

In addition to the TMA le sion, the biopsy specimen revealed evidence of podocy topathy in the form of diffuse foot process effacement, thereby explaining the proteinuric nature of the renal syndrome. Various degrees of focal or diffuse foot process effacement were reported in all the patients in cluded in a case series describing the association of TMA and chemotherapy with monoclonal antibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor. We identified 4 cases of bortezomib associated TMA in the medical literature. Two of those reports described cases of patients with MM who developed microangio pathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia during the course of the first cycle of bortezomib. ADAMTS13 activity was normal in both cases. The subjects improved after drug discontinuation.

Two add itional reports described cases of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia complicated with AKI. Although kidney biopsy was not performed, a renal TMA lesion was suspected. In addition to drug discontinuation, those patients under went plasmapheresis. Bortezomib is a dipeptide boronate 20S proteasome inhibitor. It inhibits nuclear thorough factor kappa B translocation transcription activity by blocking the deg radation of its inhibitor iKB. Inhibition of NF KB leads to a decrease in VEGF transcription.