The pattern of activity and exploration by B6eGFPChAT mice was particularly evident during the last 20 min interval (Fig. ​(Fig.6B;6B; bottom row; purple). These data suggest that enhanced

ACh vesicular packaging may contribute to altered thigmotactic behavior through increased activity and exploration to the novel environment. Figure 6 Open field anxiety in B6eGFPChAT mice. (A) Proportion of total time spent in the center of a novel open field environment selleck chemical recorded in 5 min intervals over 2 h for B6eGFPChAT (N = 11) and B6 control mice (N = 9). (B) Representative cumulative activity … B6eGFPChAT mice show increased activity in the dark/light box To further characterize anxiety levels in B6eGFPChAT Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical compared with B6 mice, the dark/light box paradigm was employed. The dark/light Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical task is based on the innate aversion of mice to brightly lit areas and on the spontaneous exploration of mice in response to mild stressors, in this case

novel open environments and light (Crawley 2007). The aversion to the environment is measured by the time and total distance accumulated in each compartment. In this test, B6eGFPChAT and B6 control mice spent ~40% of their total distance (Fig. ​(Fig.7A)7A) and time (Fig. ​(Fig.7B)7B) in the light compartment and were found not to be significantly different from each other (Mann–Whitney U test = 42.00, P = 0.649 and Mann–Whitney Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical U test = 39.00, P = 0.447, respectively). Transitions between the

light and dark compartments are Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical considered an index of activity and exploration. In this study, the number of transitions was significantly greater for B6eGFPChAT compared with B6 control mice (Mann–Whitney U test = 21.50, P = 0.036) (Fig. ​(Fig.7D).7D). Similarly, B6eGFPChAT mice accumulated a significantly greater total distance over the 10 min duration than B6 controls (t(18) = 2.740; P = 0.013) (Fig. ​(Fig.7C).7C). These results reiterate that Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical B6eGFPChAT mice do not exhibit perturbed anxiety to open environments and light per se, however, B6eGFPChAT mice are more active and display increased exploration to the novel environment GSK-3 of the dark/light box. Figure 7 Dark/light box test in B6eGFPChAT mice. (A) Proportion of total distance accumulated in the lit portion of the open field in B6eGFPChAT (N = 11) and B6 control mice (N = 9). (B) Proportion of total time accumulated in the lit portion of the open field … B6eGFPChAT mice exhibit enhanced exploration of the novel elevated plus maze The elevated plus maze generates an approach/avoidance response using open, elevated arms to measure anxiety-like behavior. Data from the elevated plus maze experiments revealed significant differences in the main parameter indicative of anxiety-like behavior, namely the time spent in the open arm (t(18) = 2.150; P = 0.045) but not the number of open arm entries (Mann–Whitney U test = 36.00; P = 0.322) (Fig. ​(Fig.8A8A and B).