This showed that the selleck original adsorbed exchangeable Pan the sediment was released back to the water. The amount of P released from the sediment was strongly related to the content of NaOH-P. The fact that NaOH-P could easily release P in the Qingcaosha reservoir was noted.

Thus, NaOH-P could give some useful information regarding the potential release of P from sediment. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Nitric oxide (NO) acts as an important signal molecule with diverse physiological functions in plants. In this study we investigated the effects and possible mechanisms of exogenous NO on anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in mango fruit. ‘GuifeP mango fruit were treated with NO donor (sodium nitroprusside of 0.1 mM) at 25 degrees C for 5 min, inoculated with spore suspension of C. gloeosporioides after 24h of NO treatment, and stored at ambient temperature (25 degrees C). NO treatment effectively suppressed lesion development on mango fruit inoculated with C gloeosporioides, and lesion diameters at 2 through 8 d in NO-treated fruit averaged 30% lower than those in control fruit. Additionally, NO treatment reduced natural anthracnose incidence and severity of mango fruit ripened at ambient temperature, and the values of both parameters from 4 to 10 d of storage in NO-treated fruit

averaged 40 and 45% lower, respectively, than those for control fruit. NO did not exhibit in vitro antifungal activity against C gloeosporioides. NO treatment enhanced the activities PXD101 inhibitor of defense-related enzymes including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL), peroxidase (POD), beta-1,3-glucanase

(GLU) and chitinase (CHT). NO treatment also promoted the accumulation of total phenolics, flavonoids and lignin that might contribute to inhibition of the pathogen. In addition to antifungal efficacy, NO treatment delayed flesh softening, yellowing, and changes in soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA), and peaks of respiration rate and MLN4924 price ethylene production during ripening. These results suggest that the resistance of NO-treated mango to anthracnose may be attributed to activation of defense responses as well as delay of ripening. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Background: The aim of this study was to compare type occurrence and reliability of the Wassel and Rotterdam classifications for radial polydactyly. Methods: The authors classified a large population of radial polydactyly patients from two European clinics using both classification systems, and compared the incidences of the different types to a population derived from a systematic literature review. The authors further assessed intraobserver and interobserver reliability of both classification systems in a test-retest design with seven observers, using kappa statistics.