This study shows that kinsenoside reduces osteoporosis induced by OVX in mice. Second, kinsenoside has the potential to inhibit the formation of osteoclasts by inhibiting IKK activity, which might influence the activation of NF-κB and NFAcT1. Third, kinsenoside may suppress the bone resorption activity of mature selleck kinase inhibitor osteoclasts by regulating the expression of osteoclast fusion-related and resorption-related genes. Many synthetic agents, such as bisphosphonates and raloxifene, have been developed to treat osteoporosis. However, these drugs are associated with side effects such as dyspepsia and breast

cancer. Thus, scientists are pursuing the development of natural products. This study investigates the efficacy of kinsenoside in treating osteoporosis. Recently, we also found that A. formosanus contains prebiotic polysaccharides that could reduce the osteopenia induced

by OVX in rats by increasing the concentration of cecal short chain fatty acids (SCFA) [39]. Butyric acid, an SCFA, can stimulate the formation of osteoblasts [40, 41]. Therefore, it is possible that the extract of A. formosanus may ameliorate bone loss caused by OVX by stimulating bone formation and inhibiting bone resorption [19]. This study proposes the possibility of using A. formosanus in the development of therapeutic drugs for osteoporosis. Acknowledgments This study was supported by grants from the China Medical University (CMU 99-S-15). Conflicts of interest None. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative ERK inhibitor Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited. References

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