This work connected information-theoretical notions to their neural implementations, revealing a strong relation between the surprisal of a word and the amplitude of the N400 component in response to reading that word. Evidently, information quantities derived from statistical language models can be used to make sense of EEG data from large-scale, non-factorial studies that use naturally occurring sentences as

stimuli. This offers a novel technique for setting-up and analyzing EEG studies, one that does not rely on the careful construction of stimuli and manipulation of factors. Any probabilistic language model can be used to estimate word information values, allowing for a very flexible approach to model evaluation Venetoclax molecular weight and comparison which can be instrumental

in uncovering the representations and processes that underlie human sentence processing. The IWR-1 cost three types of models we used here are relatively simple; more sophisticated systems are likely to be better capable at simulating cognitive processes. Future modeling efforts may therefore result in more appropriate information estimates to evaluate against EEG data, possibly revealing novel correspondences between information values and ERP responses. To facilitate such future endeavors, we make our data available as online supplementary materials to the research community. We hope and expect that formal modeling can help shed light on the oftentimes contradictory-seeming ERP findings. We would like to thank Elisabet Service and an anonymous reviewer

for their helpful comments on an earlier Forskolin version of this paper. The current article is an extended and improved version of a paper presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Frank, Otten, Galli, & Vigliocco, 2013). The research presented here was funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under a Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship (Grant No. 253803) and a Career Integration Grant (Grant No. 334028), both awarded to the first author. The authors acknowledge the use of the UCL Legion High Performance Computing Facility, and associated support services, in the completion of this work. “
“The publisher regrets that the bold text for Table 1 was incorrectly illustrated in the published article. Single syllables appear in bold letters instead of the complete critical phonological phrase / verb. The corrected bold text for Table 1 can be found here. “
“The Mediterranean Sea and its surrounding sub-basins extend from − 9° to 42°E and from 30° to 47°N (Figure 1) and can be divided into several sub-basins, for example, the Active Atlantic Mediterranean sub-basin (hereafter ‘AAM sub-basin’) west of the Strait of Gibraltar and the Black Sea, connected to the Aegean Sea by the Dardanelles Strait.