TPA (3.4 nmol) was administered twice a week for 2 wk and mice were euthanized at 48 h. Mice were co-treated with vehicle (acetone 200 μL), ACA (340 nmol), galanga GSK690693 datasheet extract (GE, corresponding to 340 nmol ACA) or FA (2.2 nmol). Figures represent densitometry PF-6463922 mouse analysis of ratio of Stat3/actin (panel A); and p-Tyr705Stat3/actin panel B (Means ± SE

of 6–8 individual mice). Figure 7 Western blot analysis of to Stat3 expression in K5.Stat3C transgenic (TG) mouse epidermis. TPA (3.4 nmol) was administered twice a week for 2 wk and mice were euthanized at 48 h. Mice were co-treated with vehicle (acetone 200 μL), ACA (340 nmol), galanga extract (GE, corresponding to 340 nmol ACA) or FA (2.2 nmol). Figures represent densitometry analysis of ratio of Stat3/actin (panel A); and p-Tyr705Stat3/actin panel B (Means ± SE of 6–8 individual mice). In the WT mice, the epidermis in the vehicle/vehicle group was only a few layers thick when observed from the basal layer up to the stratum corneum (Figure 2) and the nucleated cells in the basal layer appeared to be round and light in color. The thickness of the epidermis in this group was approximately 18–21 μm (Figure 4, top panel). On the other hand, the epidermis in the vehicle/TPA group was several

cell layers thicker (Figure 2). The quantitative result showed a marked elevation in the thickness and GS-9973 mouse was about 38 μm when compared to the vehicle control (Figure 5, top panel). The epidermis in the synthetic ACA/TPA treated group resembled the TPA treated epidermis with no significant changes in the thickness (Figures 2 and 4). However, the epidermis in the galanga extract/TPA treated group looked very similar to the acetone control group with only only a few layers thick and quantitatively measured to be approximately 25 μm (Figures 2 and 4). The thickness in this group was significantly less in comparison to TPA treated group. The epidermal thickness in the galanga extract treated group was significantly lower in comparison

to the ACA treated group. Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) Interestingly, as previously reported, FA treated subjects had a very thin, atrophic epidermis which was to be around 6–7 μm (Figures 2 and 4). The thickness of the epidermis in this group was significantly reduced by about 3-fold in comparison to the TPA treated group. In the K5.Stat3C mice, (Figures 3 and 5) similar results were observed across all the treatment groups as seen with the non-transgenic mice with the only differences noticed in the basal levels of the epidermal thickness in the transgenic mice and their non-transgenic littermates. This difference in the basal levels of the epidermal thickness was mainly observed due to the phenotypic differences in the skin of the transgenic mice and their WT counterparts. These results suggested that galanga extract as well as FA were effective agents in modulating the cellular events associated with the promotional phase of skin cancer.