We found 16% of the swine feces samples Fosbretabulin ic50 to be contaminated by Salmonella. Salmonella contamination rates for pigs Apoptosis inhibitor reported in literature vary from 9% to 23% in Europe [18, 22, 24], to 3% of porcine fecal samples in Japan [19] and 8% in Kenya [25]. In accordance to the high rates of Salmonella detected in the feces samples, our previous studies on the prevalence of Salmonella in retail meats and beef intestines in Burkina Faso also revealed high numbers of Salmonella, especially in chicken (37-57%) [13, 14]. Several of the serotypes isolated in this study, including S. Typhimurium, S. Muenster, S. Derby, S. Virchow, S. Hato, S. Bredeney, S. Stanley and S. Anatum,

have frequently been implicated in outbreaks or sporadic cases of human illness [26]. In Africa, as elsewhere in the world, S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium are the most common causes of human salmonellosis [27]. Interestingly, S. Enteritidis was not recovered from the animal feces in our study and not from the human isolates in Burkina Faso selleck either [17]. The main serotypes found in both animal and human feces samples from Burkina Faso included S. Typhimurium (from poultry) and S. Muenster (from all the studied animal species). S. Derby was the most common

serotype we detected in the chicken feces, as it was in the chicken carcasses [13, 14]. World-wide, a wide range of Salmonella serotypes have the ability to colonize poultry: S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Hadar, S. Virchow, S. Infantis and, Epothilone B (EPO906, Patupilone) recently, S. Paratyphi B var. Java have all been frequently isolated from poultry in several countries [18], none of which were among the most common serotypes in poultry in Burkina Faso. Elsewhere in Africa,

S. Enteritidis was the most common serotype detected in chicken feces in Zimbabwe [28] and S. Typhimurium in Algeria [29]. Notably, we isolated one S. Typhi strain from the chicken feces, as we did previously from a chicken carcass [14]. The S. Typhimurium isolates from chicken feces in Burkina Faso were multi-resistant to the commonly available antimicrobials ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides and trimethoprim. This is a typical pattern found in the Salmonella strains with a sub-Saharan distinct genotype causing epidemic invasive disease [30]. Bacteremia caused by multi-resistant S. Typhimurium strains is a serious public health problem in Africa and they are significantly associated with increased mortality [31]. Such S. Typhimurium isolates have been reported from e.g. Zaire [31], Kenya [32], Malawi [32] and Central Africa [33]. Although antimicrobial use for animals is under veterinary prescription control in Burkina Faso, farmers still use unprescribed antimicrobials as growth promoters or treatment for cattle, poultry and swine.