1-TOPO TA (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Colony formation assay selleck was performed using monolayer culture. Cells (4 × 105/well) were plated in a 6-well plate and transfected with expression plasmids pcDNA3.1-PAX5

or the empty vector pcDNA3.1 (4 μg each) using lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). After 48 hours of transfection, cells were collected and seeded (1 × 104/well) in a fresh 6-well plate, and selected with G418 for 10 days. Colonies (≥50 cells/colony) were counted after staining with crystal violet solution. All the experiments were performed in triplicate wells three times. Cell viability was measured by the MTS assay (Promega). Briefly, the cells (2 × 103/well) were stably transfected with pcDNA3.1-PAX5 or the empty vector in a 96-well plate for 1, 3, 5, or 7 days. Twenty μL of reaction solution containing

333 μg/mL MTS and 25 μM phenazine ethosulfate was added to cells in 100 μL culture medium, incubated at 37°C for 1.5 hours, and measured at a wavelength of 490 nm. Cell cycle distribution was determined GPCR & G Protein inhibitor by flow cytometry. Briefly, after 12 hours of synchronization by serum starvation, the stably transfected HCC cells with pcDNA3.1-PAX5-expressing vector or pcDNA3.1 empty vector were restimulated with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) for 24 hours. Cells were fixed in 70% ethanol and stained with 50 μg/mL propidium iodide (BD Pharmingen, San Jose, CA). The cells were then sorted by FACSCalibur (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ) and cell-cycle profiles were analyzed by WinMDI v. 2.9 software (Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA). Cells

undergoing MCE公司 apoptosis were detected as sub-G1 population because of loss of fragmented DNA. Hep3B cells (1 × 107 cells in 0.1 mL phosphate-buffered saline [PBS]) transfected with PAX5 or pcDNA3.1 were injected subcutaneously into the dorsal left flank of 4-week-old male Balb/c nude mice (5/group). Tumor diameter was measured every 2-3 days for 4 weeks. Tumor volume (mm3) was estimated by measuring the longest and shortest diameter of the tumor and calculated as described.14 An orthotopic HCC mouse model was also established to determine the intrahepatic tumorigenicity. Subcutaneous tumors were harvested 1 week after subcutaneous injection and cut into 1.0 mm3 pieces. One piece was then implanted into the left liver lobe of each mouse (6/group). The mice were sacrificed after 2 weeks and the tumor size and tumor weight were measured. All experimental procedures were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was performed with the Dead End Colorimetric TUNEL System (Promega) following the manufacturer’s protocol. Nuclei with clear brown staining were regarded as TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells. The apoptosis index was calculated as the percentage of TUNEL-positive cell after counting at least 1,000 cells.