Table 4 Comparison of results for selected up-regulated genes determined by Affymetrix/S score and RQ-PCR. Gene Description Ingenuty Name Affymetrix Probe Set S Score Fold RQ-PCR Network Location Interleukin-8 IL8 211506_s_at 11.393 59.4

± 15.5 See Figure 3 Extra-cellular ATPase, BAY 57-1293 nmr Na+/K+ transporting, Beta 1 polypeptide ATP1B1 201242_s_at 7.184 4.5 ± 1.8 10 Plasma Membrane Syndecan 4 SDC4 202071_at 8.823 4.0 ± 0.84 5 Plasma Membrane Retinoic acid receptor responder (tazarotene induced) 1 RARRES1 221872_at 6.179 2.4± 0.7 8 Plasma Membrane tumor https://www.selleckchem.com/products/z-ietd-fmk.html necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 3 TNIP1 207196_s_at 9.344 2.0 ± 0.2 See Figure 3 Nucleus nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha NFKBIA 201502_s_at 10.956 4.0

± 1.2. See Figure 3 Cytoplasm C59 wnt mw Matrix Metallo-peptidase 7 MMP7 202644_s_at 9.812 2.1 ± 4.2 9 & See Additional file 3 Extra-cellular For each gene ingenuity description, name and Affymetrix probe set, assigned network and cellular location are shown together with the S score and fold RQ-PCR change compared to β-actin control. Chemokine and cytokine responses To further validate the gene transcriptional changes using microarray and RQ-PCR methods, we measured the levels of secretory immunomodulatory proteins in parallel cell supernatants of HCA-7 cells pre- and post-induction with C. jejuni BCE. Table 5 presents the chemokine and cytokine levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory secretory proteins. Consistent with the microarray observations the pro-inflammatory chemokine CCL20 showed a 12.6-fold increase in levels 6 h. post treatment. IL8 levels were also found to increase, but far more dramatically than CCL20 with a 460-fold induction. HCA-7 colonocytes

are particularly IL8 responsive with post-induction levels of 18.4 ng/ml, an observation that is consistent with previous reports with this cell line [8]. The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL1β showed a weak response consistent with the transcriptional response recorded in the microarray study. Pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 showed a 5-fold increase, whereas the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 remained static. The tuclazepam transcriptional response of the genes encoding IL6 and IL10 did not show marked transcriptional changes but the pathways associated with these immunomodulatory proteins were recognized by IPA and are responsive to NF-κB. Table 5 Cytokine and chemokine levels (pg/ml) pre- and post-induction of HCA-7 cells with C. jejuni BCE for 6 h.   Pre-Induction Post-Induction Fold-Induction IL10 12 (± 2) 15 (± 3) 1.25 IL6 30 (± 3) 150 (± 5) 5 IL1β 20 (± 4) 30 (± 6) 1.5 IL8 40 (± 16) 18,400 (± 400) 460 CCL20 30 (± 6) 380 (± 40) 12.6 Discussion Understanding the pathogenesis of C. jejuni enteric disease is important both because C. jejuni is a major cause of diarrhoeal illness worldwide and because it may serve as a model for ulcerative colitis, the pathology of which it closely resembles [15].