Amongst these SNPs, 8,974 have been homozygous in all three sequenced samples, cor quence. A comparable quantity of SNPs had been dis covered by Canovas et al. utilizing a very similar total number of RNA Seq reads. They identified 100,000 SNPs positioned in genes expressed in milk samples from Holstein cows. On the other hand, only 33,045 SNPs have been polymorphic inside their 7 Holstein cows. In our examine, we noticed that there were 30,998 bi allelic SNPs mapping to coding areas, 38. 6% of which had been previously observed and recorded in dbSNP. This large percentage of novel SNPs, although one can find now a lot more than 9 hundreds of thousands SNPs during the public SNP database dbSNP, suggests that a sizable fraction from the genetic variability existing in Li mousin cattle still stays for being discovered.
The proportion of transition substitutions were A/G, 36%, and C/T, 37%, in comparison with transversions A/C, 7%, G/T, 7%, A/T, 4% and C/G, 9%. This corresponds to a,transversion ratio of 2. 65,1. The observed transition,transversion ratio is closed to the expected ra tio in the know if all substitutions have been equally most likely. Amongst these bi allelic SNPs, 17,011 have been found implementing Ensembls Variant Effect Predictor in the pre dicted coding region. 3,791 resulted in an amino acid alter identified in 2,438 diverse genes. The percentage of nonsynonymous improvements within the coding region identified in our examine was decrease when compared to complete genome research performed previously in cattle. For ex ample, Kawahara Miki et al. have reported up to 57. 3% of nscSNPs in coding areas from the complete genome of a single individual of the Japanese Kuchinoshima Ushi native cattle breed.
They found 11,713 nscSNPs in four,643 numerous genes. However, our final results have been just like the price found in another transcriptome based mostly research. Huang and collaborators noticed one,779 nscSNPs from 6,941 coding SNPs recognized by sequencing the transcriptomes of leukocytes from three animals from three different breeds. The broader gene coverage when sequencing DNA versus RNA may contribute selleck chemicals erismodegib for the discrepancy in the rate of nscSNPs noticed concerning complete genome and transcriptome primarily based scientific studies. The deleterious impact of non synonymous SNPs have been analysed making use of the SIFT and PolyPhen algorithms. So that you can use these programmes, sequences flanking the bovine nscSNPs were mapped onto the human genome and custom scripts were used to extract the human pos ition orthologous to just about every bovine SNP position.
We se lected only bovines nscSNPs for which the two bases ahead of as well as the two bases soon after the SNP specifically matched the human sequence. The human chromosomal place as well as bovine alleles were combined to provide pseudo human variant positions after which made use of to query SIFT and PolyPhen. Implementing this conservative ap proach, we could retrieve the human orthologous pos ition for 206 diverse bovine nscSNPs.

Mannitol depletion was also initiated on the onset of germination and continued to the initial two hrs of germination. Its degree elevated just after this time. Catabol ism of these sugars demands the presence of a carbon supply as a set off while in the conidial environment. Transcripts from the gene encoding neutral trehalase associated with trehalose breakdown and trehalose 6 phosphate synthases and trehalose 6 phosphate phosphatase that facilitate trehalose biosyn thesis were current at increased ranges in dormant conidia. People levels diminished in the breaking of dormancy and then remained unchanged in the course of the later hours of conid ial germination aside from transcripts in the tpsA gene which enhanced in excess of time.
Transcripts of genes encoding a putative mannitol dehydrogenase in volved in mannitol catabolism ezh2 inhibitor were also identified in dormant conidia, as had been individuals coding for a putative enzyme in volved in mannitol selleckchem Telatinib biosynthesis, mannitol one phosphate dehydrogenase. Transcript ranges of each of these genes decreased in the breaking of dormancy and remained lower during germination. Glycerol metabolic process is initiated by the conversion of gly cerol to glycerol 3 phosphate by glycerol kinase and the G3P is then converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate by glycerol 3 phosphate dehydrogenase. This really is then even further metabolised to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate by triose phosphate isomerase. Transcript levels of genes en coding glycerol kinase, glycerol three phosphate dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase tpiA and glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate de hydrogenase gpdA showed high abundance in dormant conidia and also the levels decreased at the breaking of dormancy and did not display up regulation at later phases of germination.
Glycerol wasnt detected in dormant conidia but its ranges reached a peak value after 0. 5 h of germination and then dropped below the detection limit at two h of ger mination. Its appearance for a quick time period of time suggests that conidia undergo main osmotic alterations notably at this time stage of germination. An07g05790, a homologue of S. cerevisiae SGD1 involved with osmoregulatory responses resulting in glycerol manufacturing, in creased its transcript level at breaking of dormancy. Con trary to this, Morozova et al. detected the presence of glycerol and arabitol inside a. niger dormant conidia. Erythritol was detected in all examined time points but its level exhibited no significant adjustments. NADP dependent erythri tol dehydrogenase, associated with the biosynthesis of erythritol, was induced by osmotic strain inside a. oryzae. Teutschbein et al. detected the presence of enzymes accountable for that metabolic process of inner solutes in dor mant conidia of a. fumigatus, a neutral trehalase, mannitol 1 phosphate dehydrogenase and glycerol dehydrogenase.

These include things like their non inva sive and ethically non problematic availability. Much more importantly, MSC from these neonatal tissues possess improved proliferative capability in vitro, specifically beneath hypoxic problems, in comparison to some MSC popu lations obtained from adult tissues. Quiescent stem cells inside of their niches of numerous tissues may be activated if required, nevertheless, even a reprogramming of cells by means of a retrodifferentiation system or even further processes to rejuvenate cells to a far more juvenile and undifferen tiated phenotype are sometimes not ample to cope with tissue requirements following injury or ailment asso ciated tissue injury and degeneration. Thus, in contrast towards the limitations of bone marrow or adipose tissue, MSC from birth associated tissues can be obtained in massive quantities, and the required numbers of these stem cells might be transplanted in therapeutic approaches for tissue substitute.
Taken together, Aurora C inhibitor multifunctional MSC from elements of your placenta and also the umbilical cord may well signify a very promising stem cell population in regenerative medication. Background Tumour necrosis factor alpha is known as a cytokine that may be primarily secreted by activated macrophages, whilst other cell kinds can also generate this protein in response to specific stimuli. Immediately after binding to its cor responding transmembrane receptor, tumour necrosis aspect receptor, TNF a exerts cytostatic and cytotoxic exercise towards a wide variety of human and murine cell lines. Binding of TNF a to its receptor induces receptor trimerisation on the cell surface and formation of a death inducing signalling complicated in the cytoplasmic tail of TNF R, resulting in acti vation of Caspase 8 and induction of apoptosis.
Similar to TNF a, FasL stimulates the formation of the DISC on binding to its receptor and induces cell death. LiCl, the lithium salt of hydrochloric acid is an significant therapeutic agent to the treatment method of sufferers suffering from bipolar disorder and depres sion. Its major cellular selleck chemicals target is Glycogen synthase kinase 3. At the very least at physiological doses, LiCl has no impact on other protein kinases. GSK three is a serine threonine kinase that was initially recognized as a regulator of glycogen synthase. Mammals possess two isoforms of GSK 3. In contrast to most other protein kinases, GSK 3 is constitutively energetic in resting cells. Exposure to insulin, epidermal development fac tor, ionizing radiation or phorbol ester, however, prospects to speedy inactivation of GSK 3, which constitutes a determinant of embryonic improvement and cell fate.

9% of NPC tumors, in accordance with past scientific studies. Interestingly, we observed that LMP1 overexpression in NPC sufferers was considerably related with poorer all round survival. This result differed from earlier reports, which located that LMP1 overexpression advised a much better prog nosis of NPC individuals, and LMP1 was not an effec tive indicator of NPC outcomes. The possible causes for your distinctions may very well be diverse sample sizes, regional distribution, or different LMP1 variants. In contrast to past scientific studies, our review had a bigger sample dimension for LMP1 expression and NPC prognosis. Even though higher expression of LMP1, p P70S6K and p 4EBP1 was linked with bad survival of NPC patients, multivariate examination revealed that only LMP1 expression, at the same time as gender and metastasis, were independent prognostic fac tors.
We located that the mTOR signaling pathway was triggered by LMP1, suggesting that LMP1 might have additional critical roles than mTOR signaling molecules in the carcinogenesis and advancement of NPC. Conclusions In summary, we present the 1st report that LMP1 regu lated genes are involved in the mTOR signaling pathway, and LMP1 expression is essential for your activation on the mTOR signaling pathway in NPC. LMP1 activates selleck the AKT mTOR P70S6K 4EBP1 axis in NPC tumors, and substantial expression of LMP1, p P70S6K and p 4EBP1 predict poor prognosis of NPC patients. Introduction Cutaneous melanoma is really a remarkably aggressive malig nancy originating from melanocytes, that’s character ized by continuously expanding incidence and mortality costs planet wide. As opposed to the majority of human cancers, CM is commonly diagnosed in youthful and middle aged grownups. In spite of representing only 3% of all skin malig nancies, CM is accountable for 65% of skin malignancy connected deaths, plus the five year survival of metastatic CM sufferers is seven 19%.
The expanding incidence plus the bad prognosis of CM, in conjunction with the substantial unresponsiveness of innovative illness to standard therapies, have prompted sizeable efforts in defining the molecular alterations that accompany the malignant transformation read what he said of melanocytes, identifying epigenetic modifications as significant players. Epigenetics refers to heritable alterations in gene expression which have been not attained through changes during the key sequence of genomic DNA. Within this respect, one of the most extensively characterized mediators of epigenetic inheritance are the methylation of genomic DNA within the context of CpG dinucleotides, along with the post translational modifications of core histone proteins involved in the packing of DNA into chromatin. Regardless of not nonetheless having been extensively character ized, also microRNAs are emerging as impor tant things in epigenetic determination of gene expression fate in CM. DNA methylation takes place on the C5 position of cytosine in the context of CpG dinucleotides and it really is carried out by different DNA methyltransferases that have distinct substrate specificities DNMT1 preferentially methylates hemimethylated DNA and continues to be associ ated using the upkeep of DNA methylation patterns.D

Given that 1985, there have already been eleven animal trials evaluat ing T2 rest time and transplant rejection. These tri als have applied predominantly rat and puppy designs and applied many different imaging platforms, transplant tech niques and anti rejection regimens. Nevertheless, they demonstrated that T2 rest occasions enhanced with his tologic rejection and ex vivo myocardial water content. Additionally, in addition they demonstrated the prolongation of T2 relaxation occasions observed in transplant rejection may very well be prevented informative post from the addition of immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporine. There are actually eight human trials totaling 302 patients comparing T2 rest occasions to trans plant rejection as established by endomyocardial biopsy. Four trials showed important correla tion between T2 rest instances and transplant rejection.
The 2 trials that did not obtain an association among T2 and rejection the two selleck chemicals gated their image acquisition to ventricular systole which often leads to signal loss and bad picture high quality. In an early investigation, Wisenberg et al performed CMR on ten nutritious volunteers to set up regular val ues for T2 relaxation instances and compared them with these obtained from 25 transplant individuals scanned within 24 hrs of endomyocardial biopsy. Transplant patients were scanned immediately following heart transplanta tion out to a maximum of 107 days. Individuals who have been scanned in excess of 24 days right after heart transplantation showed major correlation involving T2 rest times and endomyocardial biopsy. All patients who have been scanned inside the initially 24 days publish transplantation had ele vated T2 relaxation instances irrespective of their biopsy success. Right after 24 days, a T2 rest time of 46 ms achieved a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 96% for detecting rejection.
A second control group of sufferers undergoing non transplant thoracotomy displayed T2 relaxation occasions that weren’t different from wholesome vol unteers. This suggests that T2 rest times usually are not able to discriminate rejecting and non rejecting allografts while in the peri operative time period. Additionally, it suggests that there are actually early causes of irritation in heart transplantation not associated to rejection. Pereira et al. have shown that inside the first week publish heart transplantation, you’ll find transient increases in myocardial wall thickness that presumably reflect myocardial edema and are correlated on the length of cold ischemic time, but to not the presence of rejection. Prior perform in pig designs have proven significant myocardial edema resulting through the administration of cardio protective answers utilised during organ harvesting. These findings suggest that T2 rest instances will not be able to discriminate rejecting and non rejecting allografts in the peri operative period due to regular irritation and edema that occurs early following heart transplantation.

Each of those mechanisms with each other build a very repressive setting for Akt, and hence, diminish insulin mediated signaling response. Ceramide and insulin synthesis Consequently far, we have largely regarded as the purpose for cer amide in inducing B cell apoptosis and insulin resist ance. Nonetheless, several studies reveal that ceramide also diminishes insulin synthesis by decreasing the insulin mRNA levels in islets. In pancreatic B cells, saturated FA is proven to impair insulin gene expression with associated improve in ceramide. This effect was largely prevented by inhibitors of de novo ceramide synthesis suggesting the part for ceramide. Even further extra, addition of exogenous ceramide or elevation of endogenous ceramide, making use of ceramidase inhibitor, continues to be demonstrated to reduce insulin mRNA levels.
Two postulations are already created to describe the mechanisms of inhibition of insulin gene transcrip tion by ceramide. First, ceramide activates JNK which LY2835219 CDK Receptor in hibits insulin gene transcription both via c jun dependent, and oxidative stress dependent pathways. Second, ceramide right activates PKC? which phosphorylates and inactivates Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox gene one, a transcription factor which regulates insulin gene expression. Aside from down regulating insulin gene transcription, ceramide has also been proven to lessen transcription from the Glut 4 gene. In conclusion, these results propose that ceramide modulates signaling path techniques implicated during the transcriptional regulation on the insulin gene. Nonetheless, further investigation is needed to understand the exact mechanism of inhibition of in sulin gene expression by ceramide.
Ceramide in diabetic issues The major threats of diabetes selleck chemical are its significant, sometimes life threatening issues. A rising physique of proof has recognized the function of sphingolipids, particu larly ceramide, from the pathogenesis of both micro vascular and macrovascular diabetic issues. Cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, myocar dial infarction and stroke, are major cause of mortality in diabetic sufferers. Diabetic cardiomyopathy is charac terized by the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. In creased myocardial ceramide content material was observed in several rodent designs of lipotoxic cardiomyopathy. De novo ceramide biosynthesis, when inhibited both pharmacologically by myriocin, or genetically by heterozygous deletion of SPT subunit, an improvement from the cardiac perform was observed.
Other than this, Gorska et al. demonstrated an elevated acid SMase level in plasma of kind two diabetic individuals. Ceramide has also been implicated in ath erosclerosis in the two human subjects and in animal versions, and regression of atherosclerotic plaques was observed when handled with myriocin. Conclusively, these scientific studies recommend that ceramide gener ated through de novo pathway and SM hydrolysis may very well be in volved in the growth of diabetic cardiovascular problems.

Subsequent research also showed that an HHT based triple drug combination was hugely productive while in the treat ment of AML. Xue et al. treated adult AML patients with an HAD combination routine. The consequence showed that the CR price was as substantial as 86. 0%, though the treatment related mortality was only 4%. Xiao and colleagues showed that in 72 young untreated sufferers, this HAD regimen resulted in the CR charge of 86. 1%, as well as a 3 12 months OS price of 55. 9%. In 1997, Wan reported an HAA routine within the therapy of AML patients and the CR fee was 76. 0%. The efficacy of your HAA regimen while in the treatment method of young de novo AML sufferers was confirmed in studies carried out by Jin and colleagues. The encouraging results led to an open label, random, controlled, phase III study in 17 institutions in China.
The results showed 73% of sufferers with AML within the HAA group achieved CR, which was drastically greater than that while in the DA group. Sufferers in CR had been made available two cycles of intermediate dose Ara buy 17-AAG c. A 35. 4% of 3 year occasion cost-free survival was observed from the HAA group versus 23. 1% within the DA group. These success recommended an HHT based mostly triple drug mixture, espe cially the HAA routine, is usually a treatment solution for younger, newly diagnosed individuals with AML. HHT was also used in the therapy of individuals with APL. In 1992, Xu et al. administrated all trans retinoic acid and low dose HHT to 25 sufferers with APL and the CR charge was 92%. Within the review of Liu et al, thirty five patients with APL had been treated with ATRA and lower dose HHT was added when WBC until eventually WBC four ? 109/L.
The ad verse effects associated to ATRA had been substantially decreased. Research of Lin et al. and Cao et al. regarding ATRA and AS2O3 therapy of individuals with APL confirmed that the addition of HHT could shorten the time for you to CR and minimize the leukocyte stasis. Yuan et al. evaluated the therapeutic result of HHT plus ATRA by comparing with DNR plus ATRA as an induc tion selleckchem regimen in 115 cases of APL. The results showed that after induction therapy, 31. 3% and l5. 5% of individuals inside the HHT and DNR groups, respectively, had been converted to PML RAR unfavorable standing detected with RT PCR. No statistically important variation was identified on OS and EFS concerning the HHT group as well as DNR group. This review demonstrated a comparable therapeutic effect of HHT and DNR on APL. HHT was also nicely tolerated and did not induce extra serious adverse events than DNR.
A recent review by Pei et al. showed that HHT in combination with ATRA and AS2O3 for newly diagnosed APL features a superior efficacy, higher long term survival and decrease fees than idarubicine in com bination with ATRA and AS2O3. Attractively, Liu et al. evaluated the cardiotoxicity of HHT and DNR while in the remedy of APL when mixed with ATRA within a single centre, random, controlled research.

Once again, the tolerability profile and preliminary anticancer action support the continuing investigation of combinations of vorinostat with other chemotherapy agents in illness particular Phase II studies. Ongoing clinical trials will additional assess the purpose of vorinostat in combination treatment in hematologic malignancies, which include MM, leukemia, and lymphoma. Security and Tolerability of Vorinostat Overall Encounter in the Vorinostat Clinical Trial Program Evaluation of mixed security information from the vorinostat clin ical trial program of Phase I and II trials show that vorinostat has an acceptable safety and tolerability profile either as monotherapy or mixture therapy in patients using a wide range of reliable and hematologic malignancies. At a reduce off date of April 2008, collated information have been accessible for 341 sufferers who received vorinostat as monotherapy for both solid tumors or for hematologic malignancies.
Of those patients, 156 patients were handled at a dose of 400 mg qd. Probably the most normally reported drug associated AEs had been fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, anorexia, and vomiting. Grade 3/4 drug relevant AEs integrated fatigue, thrombocytopenia, dig this dehydration, and decreased platelet count. 3 drug related deaths had been observed. Similarly, collated security information from 157 sufferers who received vorinostat in combination with other systemic therapies from the vorinostat clinical trial system had been offered for analy sis. Sufferers received vorinos tat in blend with other systemic therapies for your therapy of sophisticated cancer, MM, CTCL, and NSCLC. In combination, essentially the most commonly reported drug associated AEs had been nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, vomiting, and anorexia. By far the most typical Grade 3/4 events had been fatigue, thrombo cytopenia, neutropenia, diarrhea, and nausea.
There was 1 drug associated AE leading to death resulting from hemoptysis in 1 patient with NSCLC. Total, vorinostat was very well tolerated, using the majority of AEs currently being Grade 2 or less, and vorinostat was not associ ated with all the amounts of hematologic selleck chemical toxicity typically identified with other antineoplastic agents. Furthermore, dose modifications were commonly not demanded in the vast majority of patients who obtained vorinostat as mono therapy or in mixture treatment. Conclusion Vorinostat is generally nicely tolerated and has shown likely anticancer action towards a range of hemato logic and reliable tumors, particularly in blend ther apy, as well as in monotherapy.

This research was accredited through the nearby ethics committee. The samples had been examined histologically and have been regarded as appropriate for this study if your proportion of tumor cells exceeded 70% with sufficient cellularity as was verified by evaluation of tumor samples stained by hematoxylin and eosin. Immediately following surgery, the selleckchem tumor samples had been placed in liquid nitrogen right up until RNA extraction. The patients met the next criteria, principal unilateral non metastatic breast carcinoma, with complete clinical, histologi cal and biological information, no radiotherapy or chemother apy before surgical procedure, and complete stick to up at Institut Curie/ Hpital Ren? Huguenin. A single hundred sixty patients had breast conser ving surgery plus locoregional radiotherapy, and 292 individuals had modified radical mastectomy. Clini cal examinations have been performed each and every three or six months through the very first 5 years, based on the prognostic danger of the patients, and after that yearly.
Mammograms had been done annually. Three hundred sixty six patients received adjuvant treatment, consisting of chemotherapy alone in 94 cases, hormone treatment alone in 177 situations, and selleck inhibitor each treatments in 95 circumstances. None in the ERBB2 patients was handled with anti ERBB2 treatment. The histological sort and quantity of positive axillary nodes were estab lished on the time of surgical treatment. The malignancy of infil trating carcinomas was scored with the Scarff Bloom Richardson histoprognostic technique. ER and PR standing was established at the protein level by utilizing biochemical strategies till 1999 and later by utilizing immunohistochemistry. Cutoff for ER and PR positivity was set at 15 fm/mg and at 10% immunostained cells. A tumor was deemed ERBB2 by immunohistochemistry if it scored three or far more with uniform extreme membrane staining of better than 30% of invasive tumor cells.
Tumors scor ing two or more had been deemed to get equivocal for ERBB2 protein expression and have been tested by fluores cence in situ hybridization for ERBB2 gene amplifica tion. In all circumstances, the ERa, PR, and ERBB2 status was confirmed by authentic time quantitative reverse transcrip tase polymerase chain reaction with cutoff ranges based mostly on previous studies comparing effects on the described approaches. To the basis of hor mone receptor and ERBB2 status, we subdivided the 452 patients into four subgroups, HR PR or the two /ERBB2, HR /ERBB2, and HR /ERBB2. Normal prognostic elements are reported in Table S1 of Added file one. The median comply with up was 10. 0 many years. A single hundred seventy patients designed metastases. RNA extraction Complete RNA was extracted from breast tumor samples by utilizing the acid phenol guanidium process. RNA amount was assessed by utilizing a NanoDrop Spectrophotometer ND one thousand with its corresponding program. RNA qual ity was established by electrophoresis by way of agarose gel and staining with ethidium bromide.

This study was authorized from the nearby ethics committee. The samples have been examined histologically and have been thought of ideal for this study if your proportion of tumor cells exceeded 70% with enough cellularity as was verified by evaluation of tumor samples stained by hematoxylin and eosin. Instantly soon after surgical procedure, the selleck chemicals tumor samples have been positioned in liquid nitrogen until eventually RNA extraction. The sufferers met the following criteria, principal unilateral non metastatic breast carcinoma, with complete clinical, histologi cal and biological data, no radiotherapy or chemother apy in advance of surgical treatment, and full comply with up at Institut Curie/ Hpital Ren? Huguenin. One particular hundred sixty patients had breast conser ving surgical procedure plus locoregional radiotherapy, and 292 sufferers had modified radical mastectomy. Clini cal examinations were carried out each and every 3 or 6 months throughout the to start with five many years, in line with the prognostic chance from the sufferers, then yearly.
Mammograms have been carried out annually. 3 hundred sixty six individuals obtained adjuvant therapy, consisting of chemotherapy alone in 94 circumstances, hormone treatment alone in 177 cases, and dig this each remedies in 95 circumstances. None of your ERBB2 sufferers was handled with anti ERBB2 therapy. The histological type and quantity of constructive axillary nodes have been estab lished in the time of surgery. The malignancy of infil trating carcinomas was scored using the Scarff Bloom Richardson histoprognostic method. ER and PR status was determined with the protein degree by using biochemical approaches until eventually 1999 and later on by using immunohistochemistry. Cutoff for ER and PR positivity was set at 15 fm/mg and at 10% immunostained cells. A tumor was regarded as ERBB2 by immunohistochemistry if it scored 3 or more with uniform extreme membrane staining of better than 30% of invasive tumor cells.
Tumors scor ing two or a lot more were regarded as for being equivocal for ERBB2 protein expression and were tested by fluores cence in situ hybridization for ERBB2 gene amplifica tion. In all circumstances, the ERa, PR, and ERBB2 status was confirmed by real time quantitative reverse transcrip tase polymerase chain reaction with cutoff amounts based mostly on earlier research evaluating outcomes with the talked about procedures. On the basis of hor mone receptor and ERBB2 standing, we subdivided the 452 patients into four subgroups, HR PR or both /ERBB2, HR /ERBB2, and HR /ERBB2. Common prognostic elements are reported in Table S1 of Added file 1. The median stick to up was ten. 0 many years. One particular hundred seventy patients produced metastases. RNA extraction Complete RNA was extracted from breast tumor samples by utilizing the acid phenol guanidium system. RNA quantity was assessed by using a NanoDrop Spectrophotometer ND one thousand with its corresponding software package. RNA qual ity was determined by electrophoresis by means of agarose gel and staining with ethidium bromide.