It also differs from other North American species of the genus by additional features such as the body size, the length of spicules, or the length of the female tail. Syngnathinema chitwoodi (a single subgravid female) differs from the only other congener, Syngnathinema californiense Moravec, Spangenberg and Frasca, 2001, a parasite of the circulatory system of the pipefish in California and British Columbia, mainly in that the posterior end of the muscular esophagus is not submerged into the anterior end of

the glandular esophagus. Previous reports of Camallanus oxycephalus Ward and Magath, 1917 in P. spathula may be misidentifications of C. polyodontis.”
“17 alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency (17OHD) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease that is characterized by low-renin hypertension, hypokalemia, and abnormal development of the genitalia. Mutations in the CYP17A1 GANT61 inhibitor gene account for this disease. We aim

to investigate the CYP17A1 mutation and analyze its possible influence on phenotype in a Chinese patient with 17OHD. Steroid hormones were assayed. The 8 exons of the CYP17A1 gene were amplified and directly sequenced. Wild-type and mutant Nutlin-3 CYP17A1 cDNA were cloned into pcDNA3.1 expression vectors and transfected into 2931 cells. Finally, 17-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activity were detected by using progesterone and 17-hydroxypregnenolone as the substrates. A novel missense mutation c.716 G>A located in exon 4 that

changed the amino acid from arginine to glutamine (R239Q) was discovered in the patient. Emricasan concentration Steric model analysis of CYP17A1 showed that R239Q changed the local structure and the electrostatic potential. Functional study indicated that the R239Q mutant caused the complete loss of both 17 alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities. Our study expanded the CYP17A1 mutation spectrum. With a functional study, we confirmed that the novel mutation caused the complete loss of both 17 alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities. (Translational Research 2013;161:44-49)”
“Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L) is one of the most important herbs known for curing Alzheimer’s disease. In this study, the effect of time and temperature on the quality of essential oils was investigated. The essential oil of air-dried samples was obtained by hydro-distillation and was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Changes in essential oil compositions were detected during storage for four months in a refrigerator (4 C), a freezer (-20 C), and at room temperature. The results indicated that, at room temperature, the proportions of compounds with lower boiling temperatures such as citronellal (25.8-12.6%), neral (18.9-4.0%) and geranial (27.0-4.6%) were decreased. Furthermore, the oil compositions showed the least alterations and M.

(C) 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.”
“Fibroblast

growth factors (FGFs) are important signaling molecules that regulate many stages of endochondral bone development. During the healing of a skeletal fracture, several features of endochondral bone development are reactivated. To better understand the role of FGFs in skeletal fracture healing, we quantitatively evaluated the temporal expression patterns of Fgfs, Fgf receptors (Fgfrs), and molecular markers of bone development over a 14-day period following long bone fracture in a mouse model. These studies identify distinct groups of FGFs that are differentially expressed and suggest active stage-specific roles for FGF signaling during the fracture repair process. Developmental Dynamics 238:766-774, 2009. BTK inhibitor (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.”
“The exploitation of various agro-industrial wastes for microbial cell mass production of Kluyveromyces marxianus, kefir, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae is reported in the present investigation. LY3023414 manufacturer Specifically, the promotional effect of whole orange pulp on cell growth in mixtures consisting of cheese whey, molasses, and potato pulp in submerged fermentation processes was examined. A 2- to 3-fold increase of cell mass was observed in the presence of orange pulp. Likewise, the promotional effect of brewer’s spent grains on cell growth in

solid state fermentation of mixtures of whey, molasses, potato pulp, malt spent rootlets, and orange pulp was examined. The cell mass was increased by 3-fold for K. marxianus and 2-fold for S. cerevisiae in the presence of these substrates, proving their suitability for single-cell protein production without the need for extra nutrients. Cell growth kinetics were also studied by measurements of cell counts at various time intervals at different concentrations of added orange pulp. The protein content of the fermented substrates was increased substantially, indicating potential use of mixed agro-industrial wastes of negligible cost, as protein-enriched

livestock feed, achieving at the same time creation 17-AAG of added value and waste minimization.”
“A 4.5-year-old female bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) presented for periorbital swelling affecting the left eye. A well-organized, hypoechoic mass was noted ventral and medial to the globe on ocular ultrasound. The mass continued to grow despite antibiotic therapy, and an exenteration was performed. The mass was diagnosed via histopathology and immunohistochemical staining as a probable lacrimal gland carcinoma, although a Harderian gland origin could not definitively be ruled out. The tumor recurred following removal, and the lizard died 2months postoperatively.”
“Bubble continuous positive airway pressure (BCPAP) is a low cost nasal CPAP delivery system with potential benefits to developing nations.

At

high temperature, members from two neuropeptide families, including RFamide and RYamide, were observed to be significantly reduced in one of the neuroendocrine structures, the pericardial organ, while several orcokinin peptides were detected to be decreased in another major neuroendocrine organ, the sinus gland. These results implicate that the observed neuropeptides may be involved with temperature perturbation response via hormonal regulation. Furthermore, a temperature stress marker peptide with the primary sequence of SFRRMGGKAQ (m/z 1137.7) was detected and de novo sequenced in the circulating fluid (hemolymph) from animals under thermal perturbation.”
“Aim: Bioartificial bone tissue engineering is an increasingly popular technique to solve bone defect challenges. This study BVD-523 molecular weight aimed to investigate the interactions between matrix composition and appropriate cell type, focusing on hydroxyapatite (HA), to achieve a more effective combination for bone regeneration.\n\nMethods: Human unrestricted somatic

stem cells (USSCs) were isolated from placental cord blood. The cellular and molecular events during the osteo-induction of USSCs were evaluated for 21 d under the following conditions: (1) in basal culture, (2) supplemented with hydroxyapatite nanoparticle (nHA) suspension, and (3) seeded on electrospun aligned nanofibrous poly-epsilon-caprolactone/poly-L-lactic acid/nHA (PCL/PLLA/nHA) scaffolds. The scaffolds were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and tensile test.\n\nResults: Maintenance of USSCs for 21 d selleck screening library in basal or osteogenic culture resulted in significant increase in osteoblast differentiation. With nHA suspension, even soluble osteo-inductive additives were ineffective, probably due to induced apoptosis of CH5183284 Angiogenesis inhibitor the cells. In contrast to the hindrance of proliferation by nHA suspension, the scaffolds improved cell growth. The scaffolds mimic the nanostructure

of natural bone matrix with the combination of PLLA/PCL (organic phase) and HA (inorganic phase) offering a favorable surface topography, which was demonstrated to possess suitable properties for supporting USSCs. Quantitative measurement of osteogenic markers, enzymatic activity and mineralization indicated that the scaffolds did not disturb, but enhanced the osteogenic potential of USSCs. Moreover, the alignment of the fibers led to cell orientation during cell growth.\n\nConclusion: The results demonstrated the synergism of PCL/PLLA/nHA nanofibrous scaffolds and USSCs in the augmentation of osteogenic differentiation. Thus, nHA grafted into PCL/PLLA scaffolds can be a suitable choice for bone tissue regeneration.”
“Background: Inflammation is important to vascular repair following injury, modulating neointimal proliferation and remodeling.

The probability of faecal contamination of milk, and thus the risk of pathogens transfer appears to be modulated more by farm management than by the structure of the farm or the health status

of the herd. Such a method, combined with the microbiological evaluation of the prevalence of faecal excretion of such pathogens, can be used to implement a risk-based surveillance programme and to apply targeted control measures. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Cardanol-based novolac resins were separately prepared with different mole ratios of cardanol-to-formaldehyde with different acid catalysts. These resins were epoxidized with epichlorohydrin, in basic medium, at 120 degrees C. The resins were, separately, blended with different weight percentages of carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonotrile copolymer and cured with polyamine. Structural BIBF 1120 inhibitor changes during blending were studied by FTIR spectroscopic analysis. Coats-Redfern equation was utilized to calculate the kinetic parameters, viz., order of decomposition reaction (n), activation energy (E), pre-exponential factor (Z), and rate decomposition constant (k), for the decomposition of the samples. It was found that the degradation Galardin of the epoxies and their blend samples proceeded in two steps. (C) 2009 Wiley

Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 114:1694-1701, 2009″
“Aim. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis treatment is Vorinostat research buy difficult to assess and there is a need for new tools. The aim of this observational pilot study is to evaluate the potential

role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the initial staging and treatment evaluation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis.\n\nMethods. Twenty-eight patients were included between January 2009 and 2010. Twenty-three had a 18F-FDG PET/CT before treatment and/or during and/or after treatment. All patients will be followed for 18 months after the end of treatment. A control group of five patients with previous history of tuberculosis was also included and PET/CT was performed.\n\nResults. Three cases of differential diagnosis were excluded of the study. The initial PET for staging showed additional lesions in 8/10 patients compared to conventional imaging. At the end of treatment, 6/11 patients had a negative PET, and 5/11 patients had a positive PET. PET had a significant clinical impact for 3/10 patients at initial staging (guiding biopsy or increase of planned treatment duration), and for 3/16 during follow up (extend or early interruption of the treatment). All PET scans in the control group were negative.\n\nConclusion. 18F-FDG PET has an excellent sensitivity for the detection of extrapulmonary tuberculosis lesion and excellent negative predictive values. The impact of initial PET staging seems significant.

58 vs. 57.46 and 68.48 vs. 63.31, respectively; P < 0.0001), indicating that p. major from long-shackled broilers were redder in appearance. Selleck PKC412 Ultimate pH was lower in female broilers than in male broilers (5.87 vs. 5.96, respectively; P < 0.0001) and subsequent drip

loss was higher in females compared with males (2.34 vs. 1.99%, respectively; P < 0.0001). Although temperature and handling before slaughter affected p. major color and texture traits, the differences may not be large enough to have commercial significance. Differences in p. major quality attributable to sex of the bird may have greater commercial significance than previously reported.”
“Objective: To investigate and compare the performance of head mirrors and headlights during otolaryngological examination.\n\nMethods: The illuminance and illumination field of each device were measured and compared. Visual identification and visual acuity were also measured, in 13 medical students and 10 otolaryngology specialists.\n\nResults: The illuminance (mean +/- standard deviation) of the LumiView, Kimscope 1 W and Kimscope 3 W headlights and a standard head mirror were 352.3 +/- 9, 92.3 +/- 4.5, 438 +/- 15.7 and 68.3 +/- 1.2 lux, respectively. The illumination field of the head mirror (mean +/- standard deviation) was 348 +/- 29.8

grids, significantly greater than that of the Kimscope 3 W headlight AP26113 solubility dmso (183 +/- 9.2 grids) (p = 0.0017). The student group showed no statistically significant difference between visual identification with the best headlight and the head mirror (score means +/- standard deviations: 56.2 +/- 9 and 53.3 +/- 14.1, respectively; p = 0.3). The expert group scored significantly higher for visual identification with head mirrors versus headlights (59.7 +/- 3.3 vs 55.2 +/- 5.8, respectively; p = 0.0035), but showed no difference for visual acuity.\n\nConclusion: Despite the advantages of headlight illumination, head mirrors provided better, shadow-free illumination. Despite no differences amongst students, head mirrors performed better than LY2157299 mw headlights in experienced hands.”
“Urethra-to-bladder and urethra-to-urethra

reflexes appear to be important for coordination of proper voiding. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is known to result in afferent neuropathy. Neuropathic alterations in electrophysiological properties of urethral afferent neurons may therefore contribute to voiding dysfunction seen in diabetes mellitus. Accordingly, we studied urethral afferent neuronal somata in streptozotocin-induced DM or age-matched vehicle controls by whole-cell patch clamp at 5- or 10-week time points. One week prior to study, Fast Blue was injected into the proximal urethra to label urethral afferent neurons. A previously undescribed diminution of afferent neuronal voltage-dependent potassium currents was a prominent feature of urethral afferent neuropathy in DM, acting to increase neuronal excitability.

“
“Chitosan-titania (Chitosan-TiO(2)) nano-composites have been prepared via the sot-gel process. Tetraethylorthotitanate (C(8)H(20)O(4)Ti) was used as a precursor to introduce titania network in the Fer-1 research buy matrix. Different techniques have been used to characterize structure and morphology of the resulting hybrid. The inter-phase dynamics have been studied using dynamical mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Shift in glass transition (T(g)) towards higher temperature,

increased storage modulus and reduced loss modulus were observed on addition of titania in the matrix. The maximum value for storage modulus (6.7 GPa at 50 degrees C) and that of T(g) at 160.9 degrees C was observed with 30 wt% of titania in the matrix. The GSK1210151A improvement in the mechanical properties of the polymer was due to the homogeneous and ordered distribution of titania particles (5-25 nm) in the chitosan matrix resulting from the large interfacial interaction between the basic sites (NH(2)) available on the polymer chains and Lewis

acidic sites from titanium. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“A previous pharmacokinetic study on dosing of colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) at 240 mg (3 million units [MU]) every 8 h indicated that colistin has a long half-life, resulting in insufficient concentrations for the first 12 to 48 h after initiation of treatment. A loading dose would therefore be beneficial. The aim of this study was to evaluate CMS and colistin pharmacokinetics following a 480-mg (6-MU) loading p38 kinase assay dose in critically ill patients and to explore the bacterial kill following the use of different dosing regimens obtained by predictions from a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model developed from an in vitro study on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The unbound fractions of colistin A and colistin B were determined using equilibrium dialysis and considered in the predictions. Ten critically ill patients (6 males; mean age, 54 years; mean creatinine clearance, 82 ml/min) with infections caused by multidrug-resistant

Gram-negative bacteria were enrolled in the study. The pharmacokinetic data collected after the first and eighth doses were analyzed simultaneously with the data from the previous study (total, 28 patients) in the NONMEM program. For CMS, a two-compartment model best described the pharmacokinetics, and the half-lives of the two phases were estimated to be 0.026 and 2.2 h, respectively. For colistin, a one-compartment model was sufficient and the estimated half-life was 18.5 h. The unbound fractions of colistin in the patients were 26 to 41% at clinical concentrations. Colistin A, but not colistin B, had a concentration-dependent binding. The predictions suggested that the time to 3-log-unit bacterial kill for a 480-mg loading dose was reduced to half of that for the dose of 240 mg.”
“Cao H, Hu Y, Wang P, Zhou J, Deng Z, Wen J.

54, P = 0.032). Urine dopamine metabolites may identify sleepy patients with OSA. In particular, the overnight change of urine DOPAC may indicate OSA patients with EDS.”
“Plants respond to pathogen attack by transcriptionally regulating defense-related genes via various types of transcription

factors. We identified a transcription factor in rice, OsNAC111, belonging to the TERN subgroup of the NAC family that was transcriptionally upregulated after rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae) inoculation. OsNAC111 was localized in the nucleus of rice cells and had transcriptional activation activity in yeast and rice cells. Transgenic rice plants overexpressing OsNAC111 showed increased resistance to the rice blast fungus. In OsNAC111-overexpressing this website plants,

the expression of several defense-related genes, including pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, was constitutively high compared with the control. These genes all showed blast disease-responsive expression in leaves. Among them, two chitinase genes and one beta-1,3-glucanase gene showed reduced GSK621 chemical structure expression in transgenic rice plants in which OsNAC111 function was suppressed by a chimeric repressor (OsNAC111-SRDX). OsNAC111 activated transcription from the promoters of the chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase genes in rice cells. In addition, brown pigmentation at the infection sites, a defense response of rice cells to the blast fungus, was lowered in OsNAC111-SRDX plants at the early infection stage. These results indicate that OsNAC111 positively regulates the expression of a specific set of PR genes in the disease response and contributes to disease resistance.”
“We

recently reported an auditory NU7026 nmr habituation series with counterbalanced indifferent and significant (counting) instructions. Time-frequency (t-f) analysis of electrooculogram-corrected EEG was used to explore event-related synchronization (ERS)/desynchronization (ERD) in four EEG bands using arbitrarily selected time epochs and traditional frequency ranges. ERS in delta, theta, and alpha, and subsequent ERD in theta, alpha, and beta, showed substantial decrement over trials, yet effects of stimulus significance (count vs. no-task) were minimal. Here, we used principal components analysis (PCA) of the t-f data to investigate the natural frequency and time combinations involved in such stimulus processing. We identified four ERS and four ERD t-f components: six showed decrement over trials, four showed count bigger than no-task effects, and six showed SignificancexTrial interactions. This increased sensitivity argues for the wider use of our data-driven t-f PCA approach.”
“The expression of retinoid-acid-related orphan receptor alpha (ROR alpha) was evaluated at the mRNA level using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and its expression localization was determined by in situ hybridization of adult Inner Mongolian cashmere goats at different times of the year.

039). This study also assessed 100 cholangiocarcinomas for ERBB2 amplification and ROS1 translocations. Of the cases tested, 3% and 1% were positive for ERBB2 amplification and ROS1 translocation, respectively. These results confirm that FGFR2, ERRB2, and ROS1 alterations are potential therapeutic targets for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights AZD1152 concentration reserved.”
“A putative 7-dimethylallyl tryptophan synthase (DMATS) gene from a fungal Neosartorya sp. was cloned and overexpressed as a soluble His(6)-fusion protein in Escherichia coli. The enzyme was found to catalyze the prenylation

of L-tryptophan at the C7 position of the indole moiety in the presence of dimethylallyl diphosphate; thus, it functions as a 7-DMATS. In this study, we describe the biochemical characterization of 7-DMATS from Neosartorya sp., referred to as 7-DMATS(Neo), and the structural basis of the regioselective prenylation of L-tryptophan at the C7 position by comparison of the three-dimensional structural models of 7-DMATS(Neo) with FgaPT2

(4-DMATS) AP24534 cell line from Aspergillus fumigatus. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Health care disparities exist between demographic groups with stroke. We examined whether patients of particular ethnicity or income levels experienced reduced access to or delays in receiving stroke care. Methods: We studied all admissions RG 7112 for ischemic stroke in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database between

2002 and 2008. We used statistical models to determine whether median income or race were associated with intravenous (IV) thrombolysis treatment, in-hospital mortality, discharge disposition, hospital charges, and LOS in high- or low-volume hospitals. Results: There were a total of 477,474 patients with ischemic stroke: 10,781 (2.3%) received IV thrombolysis, and 380,400 (79.7%) were treated in high-volume hospitals. Race (P smaller than .0001) and median income (P smaller than .001) were significant predictors of receiving IV thrombolysis, and minorities and low-income patients were less likely to receive IV thrombolysis. Median income was a predictor of access to high-volume hospitals (P smaller than .0001), with wealthier patients more likely to be treated in high-volume hospitals, which had lower mortality rates (P = .0002). Patients in high-volume hospitals were 1.84 times more likely to receive IV thrombolysis (P smaller than .0001). Conclusions: African Americans, Hispanics, and low median income patients are less likely to receive IV thrombolysis for ischemic stroke. Low median income patients are less likely to be treated at high-volume hospitals. High-volume hospitals have lower mortality rates and a higher likelihood of treating patients with IV thrombolysis. There is evidence for an influence of socioeconomic status and racial disparity in the treatment of ischemic stroke.

Furthermore, two-step surgical management was successfully performed consisting of i) tumor-reductive ERK inhibitor excision and ii) limb salvage surgery, including wide resection of the tumor mass, defect reconstruction of the chest wall using left latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap and dermatoplasty of the flap-supplied region. The progress of the clinical characteristics, the reasons for radiation-induced carcinogenesis, the treatment options and the prognostic factors of MFH are also reviewed. Finally, the importance of prevention and follow-up of this malignancy are highlighted and specific advice is offered.”
“Salivary gland transfer (SGT) has the potential to prevent radiation-induced xerostomia. We attempt

to analyze the efficacy of SGT in prevention of xerostomia and maintenance of salivary flow rates after radiation treatment (XRT). Systematic review and meta-analysis. Primary endpoint was efficacy of SGT in prevention of radiation-induced xerostomia. Secondary endpoint was change from baseline of unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rates after XRT.

Seven articles, accruing data from 12 institutions, this website met inclusion criteria. In a total of 177 patients at mean follow-up of 22.7 months, SGT prevented radiation-induced xerostomia in 82.7% (95% CI, 76.6-87.7%) of patients. Twelve months after XRT, unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rates rose to 88% and 76% of baseline values, respectively. In comparison to control subjects twelve months after XRT, SGT subjects’ unstimulated (75% vs. 11%) and stimulated (86% vs. 8%) salivary flow rates were drastically higher in SGT patients. Salivary

GSK2879552 mw gland transfer appears to be highly effective in preventing the incidence of xerostomia in patients receiving definitive head and neck radiation therapy. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Interleukin (IL)-23 plays a predominant role in the development of autoimmune diseases by inducing IL-17-producing helper T (Th17) cells. The receptor for IL-23 consists of a heterodimer composed of the IL-12 receptor beta 1 (IL-12R beta l) and the IL-23 receptor (IL-23R), which is mainly expressed on Th17 cells. A recent study showed that macrophages express IL-23R mRNA and can be distinguished from microglia by IL-23R expression. However, in this study, we show by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry that microglia express IL-23R and IL-12R beta 1 mRNA and protein, respectively. Additionally, microglia expressed a functional receptor for IL-23, as IL-23 enhanced the Interferon (IFN)-gamma-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)l phosphorylation and chemokine production. Thus, IL-23R expression does not discriminate peripheral macrophages from microglia. Moreover, since microglia produce IL-23, it may function in an autocrine manner to recruit inflammatory cells by inducing chemokine production.

The literature on his person and texts has been reviewed.\n\nEvidence synthesis: Born in Cuba, he studied Medicine in Barcelona, graduating with an outstanding

level 1877. He went to Paris to extend his studies where he settled and began an extraordinary professional career that led him to be a Professor of the Urinary Tract in the Parisian University and Chief of the Urology Clinic in the Hospital Necker, a pioneer center of specialization that was attended by many DNA Damage inhibitor physicians from all nations world. He wrote five books on urology disease, of great importance in the literature on the specialty. These books are currently classics and still maintain their validity due to the profound anatomy-clinical AZD9291 and pathophysiological knowledge explained and the extraordinary description of the urinary tract operation techniques.\n\nConclusions: An eminent urologist, not only because of the importance of his word but also due to design of the nail that carries his name as well as different urological

eponyms, his human stature, his category as an investigator and his scientific excellence. Because of presence in Paris, the most important Spanish urologists were prepared at his side, this contributing to the rebirth and boom of the Urology in Spain. (C) 2011 AEU. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L. All rights reserved.”
“Greenhouse and field experiments were carried out in order to investigate the influence of mycorrhizal inoculation on total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity, expressed as antiradical power (ARP), of artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus F.) leaves and flower heads extracts. The establishment of mycorrhizal symbiosis was monitored in pot and field grown plants, and the persistence of the inoculated AMF in roots after 2 years’ growth in the field was assessed by fungal ITS sequencing. Both in the greenhouse and in the field, marked selleck inhibitor increases in TPC

and ARP were detected in leaves and flower heads of artichoke plants inoculated with the AM fungal species Glomus intraradices, either alone or in mixture with Glomus mosseae. In the field, plants inoculated with Glomus mix showed flower heads ARP content increases of 52.7 and 30.0% in the first and second year, respectively, compared with uninoculated plants. After 2 years’ growth in the field ITS rDNA sequences clustering with those of G. mosseae and G. intraradices were retrieved only from inoculated plant roots. Our data show that mycorrhizal inoculation may represent an efficient and sustainable strategy to improve productivity and enhance plant biosynthesis of secondary metabolites with health promoting activities.