In the catamenial epilepsy model, there is a marked reduction in the antiseizure potency of anticonvulsant drugs, including benzodiazepines and valproate, but an increase in the anticonvulsant potency and protective index of

neurosteroids such as allopregnanolone and the neurosteroid analog ganaxolone. The enhanced seizure susceptibility and benzodiazepine-resistance subsequent to neurosteroid withdrawal may be related to reduced expression and altered kinetics of synaptic GABA(A) receptors and increased expression of GABA(A) receptor subunits (such as alpha 4) that confer benzodiazepine Sotrastaurin insensitivity. The enhanced potency of neurosteroids may be due to a relative increase after neurosteroid withdrawal in the expression of neurosteroid-sensitive delta-subunit-containing perisynaptic or extrasynaptic PF-01367338 in vitro GABA(A) receptors. Positive allosteric modulatory neurosteroids and synthetic analogs such as ganaxolone may be administered

to prevent catamenial seizure exacerbations, in what we call neurosteroid replacement therapy.”
“The ketogenic diet is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet used to treat drug-resistant seizures, especially in children. A number of possible mechanisms of action have been proposed to explain the anticonvulsant effects of the diet. Four of these hypothetical mechanisms are discussed in the present article: the pH hypothesis, the metabolic hypotheses, the amino acid hypothesis, and the ketone hypothesis.”
“The use of dietary treatments for epilepsy (ketogenic, modified Atkins, and low glycemic index diets) has been in continuous use since 1921. These treatments have been well studied in the short term, with approximately half of

children having at least a 50% reduction in seizures after 6 months. Approximately one third will attain >90% reduction in their seizures. Animal studies confirm these findings, with broad evidence demonstrating acute anticonvulsant effects of the diet. Furthermore, the diet appears to maintain its efficacy in humans when provided continuously for several years. Interestingly, benefits may be seen long term even when CYTH4 the diet is discontinued after only a few months of use, suggesting neuroprotective effects. This potential antiepileptogenic activity has been recently demonstrated in some animal studies as well. This review discusses the animal and human evidence for both short- and long-term benefits of dietary therapies.”
“Botanicals and herbs have a centuries-old tradition of use by persons with epilepsy, in many cultures around the world. At present, herbal therapies are tried by patients in developing as well as developed countries for control of seizures or adverse effects from antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), or for general health maintenance, usually without the knowledge of physicians who prescribe their AEDs.

Materials and Methods: Men in the SEARCH (Shared Equal

Access Regional Cancer Hospital) database who underwent radical prostatectomy between 1988 and 2010 after a known number of prior biopsies were included in the analysis. Number of biopsy sessions (range 1 to 8) was examined as a continuous and categorical (1, 2 and 3 to 8) variable. Biochemical recurrence was defined as a prostate specific antigen greater than 0.2 ng/ml, 2 values at 0.2 ng/ml or secondary treatment for an increased prostate specific antigen. The association between number of prior biopsy sessions selleck chemicals llc and biochemical recurrence was analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model. Kaplan-Meier estimates of freedom from biochemical recurrence were compared among the groups.

Results:

Of the 2,739 men in the SEARCH database who met the inclusion criteria 2,251 (82%) had only 1 biopsy, 365(13%) had 2 biopsies and 123 (5%) had 3 or more biopsies. More biopsy sessions were associated with higher prostate specific antigen (p < 0.001), greater prostate weight (p < 0.001), lower biopsy Gleason sum (p = 0.01) and more organ confined (pT2) disease (p = 0.017). The Cox proportional hazards model demonstrated no association between number Capmatinib in vitro of biopsy sessions as a continuous or categorical variable and biochemical recurrence. Kaplan-Meier estimates of freedom from biochemical recurrence were similar across biopsy groups (log rank p = 0.211).

Conclusions: Multiple biopsy sessions these are not associated with an increased risk of biochemical recurrence in men undergoing

radical prostatectomy. Multiple biopsy sessions appear to select for a low risk cohort.”
“The purpose of this paper is to study the mechanism of apparent diffusion coefficient reduction after stroke by using multi b value diffusion-weighted imaging.

Ten healthy people and 25 patients with acute stroke were enrolled. In healthy volunteers, region of interests were put in the semioval center and in the precentral gyrus. In patients with acute stroke, region of interests were put in lesions and contralateral normal brain regions. ADC(fast) and ADC(slow) are thought of as a fast and a slow apparent diffusion coefficient, which result from the extracellular and intracellular compartments, respectively. p (fast) and p (slow) are regarded as the percentage of signal intensities deriving from water diffusion of the extracellular and intracellular compartments, separately. All data were analyzed using paired, two-tailed t tests. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 15.0.

In patients with acute stroke, p (fast) in lesions (0.54 +/- 0.11) is lower than that in normal regions (0.75 +/- 0.09), while p (slow) is on the contrary. ADC(fast) and ADC(slow) values in lesions are less than those in normal areas.

Materials and Methods: We reviewed patients who underwent staged buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty for redo hypospadias repair. Age, quality of graft before tubularization, meatal position, presence of balanitis xerotica obliterans and complications

were recorded.

Results: A total of 30 patients underwent 32 repairs during a 5-year period. Mean age at first stage was 7 years (range 1 to 17) and mean interval between stages was 9.3 months (5 to 13). Mean followup after second stage was 25 months (range 10 to 46). Meatal position before first stage was proximal click here in 44% of patients, mid shaft in 39% and distal in 16%. Nine patients had biopsy proved balanitis xerotica obliterans. There were no donor site complications. Four patients underwent a redo grafting procedure. Complications after second stage occurred in 11 of 32 repairs (34%), consisting of urethral stenosis in

5, glanular dehiscence in 3 and urethrocutaneous fistula in 3. A third of the patients had some degree of graft fibrosis/induration after the first stage. These patients were prone to more complications at second stage (9 RG-7388 solubility dmso of 11, 82%), compared to patients without these unfavorable findings (4 of 21, 19%; p < 0.001). Presence of balanitis xerotica obliterans and meatal position were not significant factors associated with adverse outcomes.

Conclusions: Staged Cobimetinib chemical structure buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty is a suitable technique for salvage urethroplasty. Complications after second stage were seen in approximately a third of patients, mainly those with fibrotic/indurated grafts.”
“Cadherins, cell adhesion molecules widely expressed in the nervous system, are thought to be involved in synapse formation and function. To explore the role of cadherins in neuronal activity, we performed electrophysiological and morphological analyses of rat hippocampal cultured neurons overexpressing type-II cadherins, such as cadherin-6B and

cadherin-7. We found that cadherin-6B increased but cadherin-7 decreased the number of protrusions of dendritic spines, and affected the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents. Our results suggest that type-II cadherins may modulate neural activity by regulating neuronal morphology. NeuroReport 22:629-632 (C) 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Purpose: We evaluated the functional outcome of continent catheterizable outlet using the serous lined extramural tunnel technique as a continence mechanism in children and adolescents.

Materials and Methods: We retrospectively studied all patients who underwent continent catheterizable stoma using the serous lined extramural technique between May 1993 and March 2008. Patient records were reviewed for age, sex, indication for surgery, surgical details and postoperative course.

Mitral cell density was most sensitive to odor-stimulation in three month WT mice. Enrichment at the same age with citralva, a purely olfactory stimulus, decreased cell density regardless find more of genotype. There were no significant changes in cell body shape in response to citralva exposure, but the cell area was greater in WT mice and selectively greater in the ventral region of the OB in KO mice. This suggests that trigeminal or olfactory stimulation may modify mitral cell area

and density while not impacting cell body shape. Mitral cell density can therefore be modulated by the voltage and sensory environment to alter information processing or olfactory perception. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.”
“An expedient method

has been developed by which goat uterine Hsp-90 could be isolated and purified to homogeneity in less than I day. The yield is roughly 1 mg from 60 g tissue. This method takes into advantage three of our earlier observation that (a) Hsp-90 gets linked to the non-activated estrogen receptor (naER) in the presence of 10 mM sodium molybdate; (b) naER, but not Hsp-90 binds to phosphocellulose and (c) exposure to estradiol facilitates dissociation of Hsp-90 from naER through estradiol binding to naER and the possible change in naER conformation. Intracellular movement of Hsp-90 and Cobimetinib ic50 naER was monitored in goat endometrial cells in culture following exposure of the

cells to estradiol. Confocal microscopic analysis revealed a clear presence of both proteins within the nucleus within 3 h after exposure to estradiol. Whether Hsp-90 has its own nuclear-transport machinery is debatable. Being an actin-binding protein, there is a distinct possibility that the nuclear entry of Hsp-90 is actin dependent. The functional significance of the nuclear entry of Hsp-90, along with naER, remains to be determined; it may, however, be speculated that the Hsp-90 might be directly involved in the naER to nER II transformation by functioning as a molecular chaperone and helping the protein in re-orienting its structural Fossariinae organization. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: This study compares 2-dimensional, transthoracic echocardiography with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the preoperative identification of bicuspid aortic valve before aortic valve surgery.

Methods: Of 1203 patients who underwent an aortic valve operation, 218 had both preoperative transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Patients in the study group were aged 56 years and had an ejection fraction of 56%, 76% were male, and 29% had associated coronary artery disease. The results of transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging were classified as bicuspid aortic valve, trileaflet aortic valve, or nondiagnostic.

These proteins were examined in a model of pediatric cardiac surgery, together with a trial of poloxamer 188, which may reduce membrane injury.

Methods: Eight lambs were randomized to saline with or without poloxamer 188. Lambs underwent 2 hours of cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic crossclamping. After a further 9 hours of monitoring, the hearts selleck inhibitor were assessed for water content, capillary leak, and protein expression.

Results: Dystrophin expression was unaffected by ischemia/reperfusion, but dysferlin expression was reduced. Aquaporin 1 protein increased after ischemia/reperfusion. Poloxamer 188 administration was associated with supranormal levels of dystrophin, preservation

AZD6094 concentration of dysferlin expression, and normalization of aquaporin 1 expression. Poloxamer 188 was associated with less capillary leak, maintained colloid osmotic pressure, and less hemodilution. Poloxamer 188 was associated with an improved hemodynamic profile (higher blood pressure, higher venous saturation, and lower lactate), although the heart rate

tended to be higher.

Conclusions: Changes in protein expression within the myocardial membrane were found in a clinically relevant model of pediatric cardiac surgery. Indicators of reduced performance, such as lower blood pressure and lower oxygen delivery, were lessened in association with the administration of the membrane protecting poloxamer 188. Poloxamer 188 was also associated with potentially Methocarbamol beneficial changes in membrane protein expression, reduced capillary leakage, and less hemodilution.”
“The present study investigated whether combining observation and imagery of an action increased corticospinal excitability over the effects of either manipulation performed alone. Corticospinal excitability

was assessed by motor-evoked potentials in the biceps brachii muscle following transcranial magnetic stimulation over the motor cortex during observation, imagery or both. The action utilized was repetitive elbow flexion/extension. Simultaneous observation and imagery of the elbow action facilitated corticospinal excitability as compared to that recorded during observation or imagery alone. However, facilitation due to the combination of observation and imagery was not obtained when the participants imagined the action pattern while they observed the same action presented out of phase. These findings suggest that a combination of observation and imagery can enhance corticospinal excitability. This enhancement depends on phase consistency between the observed and imagined actions. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. Ail rights reserved.”
“Objectives: Neonates weighing less than 2.5 kg with aortic coarctation are challenging. We sought to find the prevalence of death or aortic arch reintervention and their determinants after coarctation repair.

Less is known about the usefulness of this marker in following patients with prostate cancer on active surveillance. Thus, we examined the relationship between [-2]proPSA and biopsy results in men enrolled in an active surveillance program.

Materials and Methods: In 167 men from our institutional active surveillance program we used Cox proportional hazards models to examine the relationship between [-2]proPSA and annual surveillance biopsy results. The outcome

of interest was PRN1371 manufacturer biopsy reclassification (Gleason score 7 or greater, more than 2 positive biopsy cores or more than 50% involvement of any core with cancer). We also examined the association of biopsy results with total prostate specific antigen, %fPSA, [-2]proPSA/%fPSA and the Beckman Coulter Prostate Health Index phi ([-2]proPSA/free prostate specific antigen) x (total prostate specific antigen)(1/2)).

Results: While on active surveillance (median time from diagnosis 4.3 years), 63 (37.7%) men demonstrated biopsy reclassification based on the previously mentioned criteria, including 28 (16.7%) of whom had reclassification

based on Gleason score upgrading (Gleason score 7 or greater). Baseline and longitudinal %fPSA, %[-2]proPSA, [-2]proPSA/% fPSA and phi measurements selleck chemicals llc were significantly associated with biopsy reclassification, and %[-2]proPSA and phi provided the greatest predictive accuracy for high grade cancer.

Conclusions: In men on active surveillance, measures based on [-2]proPSA such as phi appear to provide improved prediction of biopsy reclassification during followup. Additional

validation is warranted to determine whether clinically useful thresholds can be defined, and to better characterize the role of %[-2]proPSA and phi in conjunction with other markers in monitoring patients enrolled in active surveillance.”
“The hematopoietic growth factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), has become one of the few growth factors approved for clinical use. It has therapeutic potential Y-27632 chemical structure for numerous neurodegenerative diseases; however, at present the cellular effects of G-CSF on the central nervous system remain unclear and in need of investigation. In the present study, we used spinal cord ischemia, a neurodegenerative model, to examine the effects of intrathecal (i.t.) G-CSF on glial cell (microglia and astrocyte) activation and neuroprotective factor expression, including glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) protein expression. Our results indicate that i.t. G-CSF could enhance ischemia-induced microglial activation and inhibit ischemia-induced astrocyte activation. Both GDNF and VEGF-A are upregulated after injury, and i.t. G-CSF could enhance GDNF and VEGF-A expressions after injury. Interestingly, our results indicate that performing i.t. G-CSF alone on normal animals could have the effect of microglial and astrocyte activation and enhanced GDNF and VEGF-A expressions.

In addition, high doses of curcumin (100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) showed better performance in promoting nerve regeneration and functional recovery than low dose of curcumin (50 mg/kg). Conclusions: Curcumin is capable of promoting nerve regeneration after nerve injuries, highlighting the therapeutic values of curcumin as a neuroprotective drug for peripheral nerve repair applications. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Stem cells are used to generate differentiated somatic cells including neuronal cells. Synthesis and release of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter and widely expressed

signaling molecule, were investigated in the murine embryonic stem cell line CGR8 during early differentiation, i.e. in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) to maintain pluripotency and in the Staurosporine absence of LIF to induce early differentiation. CGR8 cells express choline find more acetyltransferase (ChAT) as demonstrated by measurement of enzyme activity and substantial inhibition by bromoacetylcholine. Pluripotent CGR8 cells showed a ChAT activity of 250 pmol acetylcholine/mg/h, contained 1.1 pmol acetylcholine/10(6) cells and released about 12.00 pmol acetylcholine/1 x 10(6) cells/6 h. Removal of LIF induced early differentiation as evidenced by reduced transcription factors

Oct-4 and Nanog and a substantial slowing of the proliferation rate. Under this condition acetylcholine synthesis increased to 1640 pmol/mg/h; related to the pluripotent state the 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase content of acetylcholine increased 10-fold and the release to about 32 pmol acetylcholine/1 x 10(6) cells/6 h. Enzyme kinetic analysis showed a significant increase of the K-m for the precursor acetyl-CoA and of V-max without a change of the K-m for the precursor

choline. In conclusion, early differentiation of the stem cell line CGR8 is associated with a substantial increase in ChAT activity and acetylcholine release. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Introduction: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-1 MRS) enables the evaluation of in vivo brain function. The purpose of the study was to compare H-1 MRS measurements in schizophrenic patients, who were clinical responders after short-term antipsychotic treatment, with non-responders and healthy controls.

Methods: We investigated a group of 47 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Patients were examined twice – once after a period of at least 7 days without neuroleptics and the second time at least 4 weeks after therapy with stable doses of medication. The follow-up was available in 42 patients. Baseline MRS measurements of clinical responders were compared with non-responders and the group of healthy controls (N = 26).

These effects were prevented by estradiol treatment.

Conclusions: As evidenced by shortening of the external urethral sphincter electromyogram silent period Selleckchem JSH-23 in ovariectomized rats, the disruption of coordination between the external urethral sphincter and the detrusor muscle could decrease urine outflow and in turn voiding efficiency. Estrogen replacement reverses these changes, suggesting that the central pathways responsible for detrusor-sphincter coordination are modulated by gonadal hormones.”
“The

brain mechanisms involved in processing another’s physical pain have been extensively studied in recent years. The link between understanding others’ physical pain and emotional suffering is less well understood. Using whole brain analysis and two separate functional localizers, we characterized FGFR inhibitor the neural response profiles of narrative scenarios involving physical pain (PP), and scenarios involving emotional pain (EP) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Whole brain analyses revealed that PP narratives activated the Shared Pain network, and that the brain regions responsible for processing EP overlapped substantially with brain regions involved in Theory of Mind. Region of interest (ROI) analysis provided a finer-grained view. Some regions responded to stories involving physical states, regardless of painful content (secondary sensory regions),

some selectively responded to both emotionally and physically painful events (bilateral anterior thalamus and anterior middle cingulate cortex), one brain region responded selectively to physical pain (left insula), and one brain region responded selectively to emotional pain (dorsomedial prefrontal

GNA12 cortex). These results replicated in two groups of participants given different explicit tasks. Together, these results clarify the distinct roles of multiple brain regions in responding to others who are in physical or emotional pain. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“We have developed a mammalian expression system suitable for the production of enzymatically biotinylated integral membrane proteins. The key feature of this system is the doxycycline (dox)-regulated co-expression of a secreted variant of Escherichia coli biotin ligase (BirA) and a target protein with a 13-residue biotin acceptor peptide (BioTag) appended to its extracellular domain. Here we describe the expression and functional analysis of three G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs): protease-activated receptors (PARs) 1 and 2, and the platelet ADP receptor, P2Y(12). Clonal Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) Tet-On cell lines that express biotinylated GPCRs were rapidly isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting following streptavidin-FITC staining, thereby circumventing the need for manual colony picking. Analysis by Western blotting with streptavidin-HRP following endoglycosidase treatment revealed that all three GPCRs undergo N-linked glycosylation.

Genetic studies have shown an association between multiple autoimmune diseases and

TNFAIP3 (A20) and TNIP1 (ABIN1), both repressors of NF-B and of IKBKE (IKK epsilon), which is an NF-B activator. The aim of this study was to analyse single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IKBKE, NFKB1, TNIP1 and TNFAIP3 genes for association with primary SS. A total of 12 SNPs were genotyped in 1105 patients from Scandinavia (Sweden and Norway, n=684) and the UK (n=421) and 4460 controls (Scandinavia, n=1662, UK, n=2798). When patients were stratified for the presence of anti-SSA and/or anti-SSB antibodies (n=868), case-control meta-analysis found an association between antibody-positive primary SS and two SNPs in TNIP1 (P=3.4×10(-5), OR=1.33, 95%CI: 1.16-1.52 for rs3792783 and P=1.3×10(-3), OR=1.21, 95%CI: 1.08-1.36 for rs7708392). DMXAA concentration A TNIP1 risk haplotype was associated with antibody-positive primary SS (P=5.7×10(-3), OR=1.47, 95%CI: 1.12-1.92). There were no significant associations with IKBKE, NFKB1 or

TNFAIP3 in the meta-analysis of the Scandinavian and UK cohorts. We conclude that polymorphisms in TNIP1 are associated with antibody-positive primary SS.”
“Current theories of multiple sclerosis (MS) induction and progression place autoreactive T cells in the focus of the pathogenesis. Mesenchymal/stromal stem cells (MSC) have become a promising alternative approach for pathogenic therapy of MS due to their immunomodulatory properties, underlying mechanisms of which are intensive Selleck Lonafarnib study. Inositol monophosphatase 1 The objective

of the research was to investigate the contribution of PGE(2) to MSC-mediated suppression in patients with MS using in vitro model of mitogen- and myelin-stimulated T cell cocultivation with autologous/allogeneic MSC. We have showed that PGE(2) production depends on cell-to-cell contact of MSC and lymphocytes. The antigenic stimulation did not affect PGE(2) production following cocultivation of MSC and PBMC, and it is the presence of MSC in cell culture that significantly increases PGE(2) production irrespective of antigenic cultivation conditions. Simultaneously, PGE(2) synthesis correlated with indexes of MSC-mediated suppression of mitogen- and myelin-stimulated T cell proliferation in patients with MS. No significant differences in PGE(2) production by autologous and allogeneic MSC have been established. These results have demonstrated that in patients with MS, PGE(2) is one of the possible factors of MSC immunosuppression. The interrelation between PGE(2) concentrations and T cell proliferation suppression mediated by MSC may explain one of the immune mechanisms of cell therapy, which is crucial for the further proper use of MSC in MS research and pathogenic treatment.”
“In this study, we report the clinical and genetic features of Chinese patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP).

In VCR-treated mice, TNF-alpha mRNA

gradually increased and was significantly up-regulated on day 7. As measured by immunohistochemistry, microglia and astrocytes were activated in the spinal dorsal horn on day 7 of VCR administration. The immunoreactivity of TNF-alpha was co-localized in some of the activated microglia and astrocytes. In behavioral analysis, a neutralizing antibody of TNF-alpha, which was injected intrathecally on days 0, 3, and 6, significantly attenuated VCR-induced mechanical allodynia on Idasanutlin days 4 and 7. These results suggest that VCR treatments elicited the activation of glial cells in spinal cord, and up-regulated TNF-alpha in these cells may play an important role in VCR-induced mechanical allodynia. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) gene is encoded LY2228820 in vivo by the minus strand of the HTLV-1 provirus and transcribed from the 3′ long terminal repeat (LTR). HBZ gene expression not only inhibits the Tax-mediated activation of viral gene transcription through the 5′ LTR but also promotes the proliferation of infected cells. However, the HBZ promoter region and the transcriptional regulation of the gene have not been studied. In this study, we characterize the promoters of the spliced version of the HBZ gene (sHBZ) and the unspliced version

of the HBZ gene (usHBZ) by luciferase assay. Both promoters were TATA-less and contained initiators and downstream promoter elements. Detailed studies of the promoter for the sHBZ gene showed that Sp1 sites were critical for its activity. The activities of the sHBZ and usHBZ gene promoters were upregulated by Tax through Tax-responsible elements in the 3′ LTR. We compared the functions of the proteins derived from the sHBZ and usHBZ transcripts. sHBZ showed a stronger suppression of Tax-mediated transcriptional activation through the 5′ LTR than did usHBZ; the level of suppression correlated with the level of protein

produced. The expression of sHBZ had a growth-promoting function in a T-cell line, while usHBZ expression did not. This study demonstrates Chlormezanone that Sp1 is critical for sHBZ transcription, which accounts for the constitutive expression of the sHBZ gene. Functional differences between sHBZ and usHBZ suggest that the sHBZ gene plays a significant role in the proliferation of infected cells.”
“Chronic hypoperfusion-induced changes in blood-brain barrier (BBB) tight junction components have not been well studied. In the present study, we investigated the temporal profiles of claudin-3 (a BBB tight junction element) and myleoperoxidase (MPO, a marker of neutrophil infiltration) in the cortical and thalamic regions of rat brain subjected to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.