Although DOT has also historically been administered by credentialed health professionals, this strategy is often cost-prohibitive for many health systems. Our findings imply that DOT can be effectively implemented by CHWs in the USA and may be an economically feasible alternative. As growing evidence links this model to improved clinical outcomes in

HIV infection and other chronic conditions, a comparison between the cost-effectiveness of the CHW model and that of the DOT model in the USA would be a worthwhile focus for future research endeavours. Despite the promise of the CHW model, few studies have described TSA HDAC concentration CHW interventions addressing HAART adherence in the USA, and even fewer have reported the results Roxadustat clinical trial of randomized controlled trials. Our literature search yielded many articles that provided important information about the effects

of the CHW model on HAART adherence but were excluded from this review because they were not conducted in the USA or did not report biological HIV outcomes. As a result, only 16 studies met our inclusion criteria. This reflects the general paucity of CHW programmes in the USA. In addition, compared with CHW programmes in international communities, studies in the USA generally included fewer participants. The resulting limited number of participants in US studies, and specifically in those included in our review, makes it difficult to generalize these results to the larger general population of the USA. Yet another aspect of these studies that limits the generalizability

of the findings is that the populations studied were highly specific, small groups of patients (e.g. substance abusers), with differences among the studies in the demographic characteristics of the patient groups (e.g. in geographical origin, age and ethnicity). Because of the relatively low numbers of subjects and published studies, it was not possible to compare only studies that were homogeneous Bortezomib manufacturer in terms of these variables. This highlights the need for future multisite studies with consistent methodologies to determine how geographical and population differences influence outcomes. While all of the studies included in this review used biological markers as outcome measurements, the characteristics of the interventions varied, and each study utilized CHWs in unique ways. However, because of the relative dearth of studies in the USA on this subject, it was not possible to find an adequate number of studies with identical interventions to compare. It is therefore difficult to determine which specific CHW activities are most effective at improving adherence. Multiple studies with identical use of CHWs must be carried out in the future to further assess which CHW strategies are most efficacious. Another limitation of our review is that many of the articles provided limited details about the specific CHW services.

One microliter of bacterial colony lysate was used as a DNA template. Amplicons were separated by

electrophoresis on 1.5% agarose gels. Two approaches were adopted to attempt curing plasmid pXap41. Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni CFBP 5530 was grown at an elevated temperature (37 and 45 °C) in liquid media for 48–96 h (Gantotti & Beer, 1982). Cells were then diluted in 0.8% NaCl and plated on NYGA plates. Single colonies (n=38) were subsequently screened for the presence of the plasmid Selleck Venetoclax pXap41 with the PCR assay described above. We also cloned one of the two putative origins of replication gene (repA2) in the broad-host-range plasmid pBBR1-MCS5 in order to replace plasmid pXap41 by http://www.selleckchem.com/products/INCB18424.html a gentamicin-resistant

construct. Bacterial conjugation was then performed by biparental mating and selection on NYGA containing 25 μg mL−1 gentamicin. Transconjugants (n=12) were then screened with the PCR assay described above for the presence of the plasmid pXap41. The pXap41 plasmid sequence of X. arboricola pv. pruni CFBP 5530 was annotated using the gendb annotation platform (Meyer et al., 2003) and deposited in EMBL (accession number FR875157). Additional blast searches were performed using the blast standalone application with custom local databases or at NCBI (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi). Repeat regions were identified using fastpcr. Comparative genomic analyses were performed with edgar (Blom et al., 2009). The genome sequence of X. arboricola pv. pruni CFBP 5530 revealed a 41-kb plasmid (Fig. 1), designated pXap41. According to the ratio of coverage between plasmid and chromosomal contigs, the number of copies of plasmid pXap41 was estimated to be see more four per cell. The total size of this unique plasmid was 41 102 bp, with a 62.3% G+C ratio, slightly lower than the circular chromosome of X. arboricola pv. pruni (65.4%) and of other xanthomonads genomes (Sundin, 2007). The molecular weight of pXap41 (25.1 MDa) is in good agreement with the

observed 26 MDa plasmid reported for several X. arboricola pv. pruni strains (Kado & Liu, 1981; Randhawa & Civerolo, 1987). Plasmid pXap41 was automatic annotated using gendb (Meyer et al., 2003), followed by manual curation. Forty-three predicted coding sequences (CDS) and one pseudogene were detected (Fig. 1). Most CDS in pXap41 do not have orthologs in the genomes of other xanthomonads. The majority of the CDS present on plasmid pXap41 are hypothetical proteins and genes associated with plasmid transfer, maintenance, replication and stability (see Supporting Information). Additionally, at least three CDS derived from transposons were observed. The latter are known to be involved in assembling genes into complex plasmid structures (Burrus & Waldor, 2004) and may explain the mosaic structure of pXap41.

8.3.4.3 Treatment failure for DMAC. Patients are considered to have treatment failure if there is no clinical response and mycobacteria are isolated from Ivacaftor datasheet cultures after 4–8 weeks of MAC treatment to which the patient has been adherent. Drug susceptibility testing is of limited use for agents other than macrolides (category III recommendation). Ethambutol and rifabutin drug susceptibility to MAC has not been correlated to clinical response to therapy although there are data for clarithromycin and azithromycin [40,41]. A new combination of at least two drugs not previously used and to which the isolate should be susceptible should be constructed (category

III recommendation) – e.g. rifabutin (if not used previously), ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin or moxifloxacin [42], linezolid or amikacin. Other second-line agents (such as http://www.selleckchem.com/products/pexidartinib-plx3397.html ethionamide, prothionamide or cycloserine) have been used anecdotally. Many clinicians would continue ethambutol since it facilitates the penetration of other agents into mycobacteria (category IV recommendation). Immunomodulators, including granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and interferon gamma, can be

considered in cases of DMAC treatment failure. They are thought to work by inhibiting intracellular replication or enhancing in vitro intracellular killing of M. avium but there are no comprehensive studies of these agents [43,44]. 8.3.4.4 Treatment of focal MAC. There are no data to guide the type or duration of therapy for focal MAC. However, given that these tend to occur at higher CD4 cell counts and in the presence of effective HAART, most clinicians would recommend a three-drug regimen for a duration of at least 12 and possibly 24 months. Potential drug interactions

may lead to modifications in the HAART and/or antimycobacterial regimen (seeTable 8.1). Prophylaxis for DMAC with azithromycin 1250 mg weekly can be considered for individuals with CD4 counts <50 cells/μL (category Ib recommendation). Randomized clinical trials have demonstrated a benefit of clarithromycin/azithromycin Sinomenine or combinations of rifabutin and azithromycin [45,46] in reducing the incidence of MAC infection in patients with a CD4 count of <100 cells/μL. However, these studies were conducted prior to the introduction of HAART, which has itself resulted in a massive reduction in the incidence of MAC [3]. Furthermore, in one of these studies, where CD4 cell counts at diagnosis of DMAC were provided, it was observed that no cases of DMAC occurred with a CD4 count >50 cells/μL. Thus, lowering the CD4 count at which primary prophylaxis should be considered to <50 cells/μL is recommended in line with many other guidelines.

KAG also received support from the Johns Hopkins University Richard S. Ross Clinician Scientist Award. Disclaimer The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors. No official endorsement by DHHS, the National Institutes of Health, or the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality is intended or should be inferred. Participating sites Alameda County Medical Center, Oakland, CA (Howard Edelstein MD, Silver Sisneros DO); Children’s Dabrafenib order Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA (Richard Rutstein MD); Community

Health Network, Rochester, NY (Steven Fine MD, Roberto Corales DO); Community Medical Alliance, Boston, MA (James Hellinger MD); Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA (Peter Sklar MD, Sara Allen CRNP); Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (John Jovanovich MD, Norman Markowitz MD); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,

MD (Kelly Gebo MD, Richard Moore MD, George Siberry MD, Allison Agwu MD); Montefiore Medical Group, Bronx, NY (Robert Beil MD); Montefiore Medical Center, AZD2281 mw Bronx, NY (Lawrence Hanau MD); Nemechek Health Renewal, Kansas City, MO (Patrick Nemechek MD); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR (P. Todd Korthuis MD); Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX (Philip Keiser MD); St Jude’s Children’s Hospital and University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN (Patricia Flynn MD, Aditya Gaur MD); St Luke’s Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY (Victoria Sharp MD); Tampa General Health Care, Tampa, FL (Jeffrey Nadler MD, Chararut Somboonwit MD); University of California, Inositol oxygenase San Diego, La Jolla, CA (Stephen Spector MD); University of California, San Diego, CA (W. Christopher Mathews MD); Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (Lawrence Crane MD, Jonathan Cohn MD). Sponsoring agencies Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD (Fred Hellinger PhD, John Fleishman PhD, Irene Fraser PhD); Health Resources and Services Administration, Rockville, MD (Richard Conviser PhD, Alice Kroliczak PhD, Robert Mills PhD); Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD (Joan Dilonardo PhD,

Laura House PhD, Pat Roth). Data Coordinating Center Johns Hopkins University (Richard Moore MD, Jeanne Keruly CRNP, Kelly Gebo MD, Perrin Lawrence MPH, Alanna Zhao MS, Michelande Ridore BS). “
“Typhoid treatment was empirically started in a Japanese patient with undifferentiated fever in Nepal since Japanese tourists, unlike most Americans and Europeans to South Asia, are unable to obtain typhoid vaccination in Japan even for travel to this area of high endemicity. Subsequently, his blood culture grew out Salmonella typhi. A 31-year-old Japanese man had a history of abdominal pain and vomiting of 1 day. The pain was in the epigastric region and gradually became intense. It was non-radiating and burning in nature. It was aggravated by food intake. It was associated with nausea and several episodes of vomiting.

Of these, 65 met the initial screening criteria and were sent on for full-text review. We then excluded 42 additional studies by virtue of not qualifying as RCTs, not focusing on pharmacists as diabetes educators, not focusing on diabetic patients or not focusing on pharmaceutical

care. One study was excluded when we could not determine whether PFT�� the study was randomized and were unable to receive clarification from the author.[15,16] A total of 23 articles reporting on 16 separate studies met the inclusion criteria for this review (see Table 2).[17–39] We located 12 published pieces related to the included studies. These publications were specifically examined to determine whether they included additional details on the communication component of the original study. The included studies represent a variety of pharmacy practice researchers conducting research in the USA, Australia, Canada, Sweden, India,

Spain, the United Arab Emirates, the UK and Thailand (see Table 2). In the majority of cases, the research was conducted in medical clinics. Five projects took place in community pharmacies,[25–27,32,33,38] while one[19,20] took place in the corporate head office of a large community pharmacy chain. In 15 of 16 studies, the pharmacist–patient interactions were reported as face-to-face communication or through telephone conversations. In the remaining Buparlisib manufacturer study, pharmacists facilitated group sessions. In seven studies, pharmacists first spoke to participants in person and then followed-up via telephone. The published articles did not indicate whether those pharmacist–patient interactions that took place in community pharmacies were held in private. Researchers used various terms to report on pharmacists’ communication-based services. Pharmacists were reported

as providing, for example, education, counselling, advice or instruction (see Table 2). All but one study[21] Astemizole reported that pharmacists had positively influenced patients’ health outcomes. Most studies relied exclusively on short-term health outcomes, questionnaires or changes in drug therapies as evidence of pharmacist–patient communication. Health outcome measures included changes in biological markers such as blood glucose levels, HbA1c results, blood pressure measurements or cholesterol levels.[17,18,21–23,26–39] Questionnaires focused on patients’ disease and drug knowledge, attitudes, beliefs or quality of life.[17–22,29–39] Eight studies documented pharmacists’ identification of drug-related problems.

3 and 3.2 times higher in the co-culture and B. cepacia culture medium than the fungal culture on the third day. The peak enzymatic selleck kinase inhibitor activity was observed on the sixth day. Subsequently, the acid phosphatase activity of the medium grown with A. niger and co-culture did not change, and the activity of the medium grown with bacteria declined enough. In general, a significant correlation was observed between the variables studied (Table 2). Solubilized phosphate showed a significant positive correlation with titratable acidity and a significant negative correlation with pH and glucose content. Significant negative correlations were also observed between titratable acidity and pH, as well as between glucose and pH. CaP was

more efficiently solubilized in media wherein A. niger–B. cepacia were co-cultivated, in comparison with single cultures. This is the first report of joint utilization of CaP by two PSM in vitro. The results presented here clearly

depict that co-culture of these microorganisms is mutually beneficial and results in enhanced quantities of soluble P produced in the growth medium. Extent of phosphate solubilization by A. niger and B. cepacia Selleck Linsitinib have previously been reported as 1394 μg P2O5 mL−1 (Rinu & Pandey, 2010) and 200 μg mL−1 (Lin et al., 2006) or 346 μg mL−1 (Song et al., 2008), respectively. The quantity of phosphate solubilized on the ninth day by B. cepacia was 0.86 mg   mL−1 and by A. niger was 10.07 mg  mL−1. These results demonstrate that both microorganisms were highly efficient at solubilizing phosphate with ES rates of 78% and 91%, respectively. Previous results have demonstrated ES rates ranging from 42 (Vassileva et al., 1998), 47 (Rinu & Pandey, 2010), and 54% (Omar, 1998) using A. niger in culture media. However, our results demonstrate that the A. niger–B. cepacia co-culture solubilized 1.10 mg  mL−1 and yielded ES rates of 100%, higher than that obtained by either single culture. A plausible hypothesis is that synergism between the fungus and bacteria may have caused considerable improvement in growth and phosphate solubilization.

The activity of PSM in vitro generally correlates with various factors, most importantly, the release Amine dehydrogenase of organic acids, which subsequently decreases the pH of the growth medium (El-Azouni, 2008; Kang et al., 2008; Song et al., 2008; Park et al., 2010). Similar trends were observed in this study. In addition, we observed that differences in growth rate influenced the production of acid, the reduction in pH, and consequently, the solubilization of phosphate. Rapid growth was observed during the initial period of incubation; for B. cepacia and the co-culture, this was 3 days and for A. niger, 6 days. High rates of bacterial and fungal growth in phosphate solubilization assays have also been reported in other studies (Lin et al., 2006; Saber et al., 2009). Phosphate solubilization by both single cultures as well as the co-culture correlated significantly with production of acid (0.

His weight was 117kg and he had a body AZD4547 concentration mass index (BMI) of 39kg/m2. He was taking 126 units of insulin per day with metformin. Previous attempts at weight loss had been unsuccessful. Over a period of six months, he lost 20kg in weight (BMI 30kg/m2). He reported nausea and vomiting, attributed to the exenatide, but because he was pleased with the weight loss he wanted to continue on exenatide.

He had two episodes of witnessed generalised tonic–clonic seizures. He was teetotal and was not taking diuretics. He was found to be hypomagnesaemic with normal serum calcium and normal 24-hour urinary magnesium excretion, excluding renal magnesium loss. It was concluded that his seizures were caused by nutritional hypomagnesaemia due to recurrent vomiting as a consequence of exenatide treatment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons. “
“New National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidance is likely to increase the use of insulin pump therapy, and the challenge for diabetes teams is to maintain the initial improvement in HbA1c without extra resources. A telehealth system has been developed where both health professionals and patients can view downloaded pump and blood glucose data. A pilot study in patients with HbA1c >8%, using pump therapy for more than a year, demonstrated a mean reduction from 9.3% to 8.2% at 12 months after using the telehealth system. Patient

satisfaction with the system reported more understanding, insight and control by viewing the data, as well as easy access 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase to the health professional. This pilot study has demonstrated that, for some people, using a telehealth approach has resulted in improved diabetes control. Copyright click here © 2010 John Wiley & Sons. “
“This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes References Further reading “
“Insulin is often used in the management of hyperglycaemia but prescribing and management errors are common. A UK audit revealed 3881 wrong dose incidents

and six deaths over six years (National Patient Safety Agency 2010, NPSA). The NPSA and NHS Diabetes launched a tri-phase education initiative in June 2010, aimed at reducing error and including rapid response reports sent to all hospital and community trusts, written supporting information and recommendations, and access to an e-learning module and assessment. The aim of this project was to improve all health care professionals’ (HCPs’) knowledge in the safe use of insulin through e-learning. A safer use of insulin e-learning module commissioned by NHS Diabetes and the NPSA was developed by a hospital trust and piloted by multidisciplinary HCPs from UK hospital and community settings. Developers used established web-based contacts to promote access. Reminders were sent to those not completing within three months. The number, type, workplace location and percentage of those accessing and completing the module were audited weekly to assess uptake.

About a third of Stem Cell Compound Library ic50 the participants reported unprotected insertive or receptive anal

intercourse. This percentage is within the range found in the study by Drumright et al. [34], but much higher than that in the study by Morin et al. [36], who reported a rate of 12%. It is important to note that the subjects of this study were HIV-infected MSM in specialized care, in contrast to MSM in general. This means that a lot of the participants in the study sample showed sexual risk behaviour despite knowledge of their HIV infection and despite often long-term treatment in specialized care. Therefore, the findings accentuate the need for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies regarding sexual risk behaviour and substance use in HIV-positive MSM. A case history of substance use should be obligatory for the attending physician in specialized HIV-medical centres. The focus should be on heavy alcohol use, cannabis and MSM community-specific and sex-associated substances. Because of the specific relevance of substance use immediately before or during sexual contacts, the context of consumption should be requested. Such a diagnostic procedure could be supplemented Trichostatin A solubility dmso by respective screening procedures for substance-related disorders. If there is a manifest substance-related disorder, adequate psychiatric counselling or treatment should be offered. A combination of evidence-based psychotherapy and

medication should be the first-choice treatment. For recreational drug use, it is possible to offer information on and suggest strategies for ‘safer use’ to avoid or reduce health complications.

In addition to improved mental health and quality of life, this could reduce the rate of PIK-5 sexual risk behaviour (given that there is a causal relationship between substance use and sexual risk behaviour). To date, there have been no programmes for the reduction of sexual risk behaviour among HIV-positive individuals in Europe evaluated in randomized-controlled trials. For the development of interventions, it is recommended to orientate to interventions, which were found to be effective in a meta-analysis of US studies [44]. Effective programmes were based on behavioural theory and aimed specifically at HIV-transmission risk behaviour (e.g. sexual risk behaviour and needle sharing). Training in behavioural skills (e.g. problem-solving strategies, communication competence for negotiating condom use, and strategies for coping with HIV diagnosis) was shown to be effective, in addition to consideration of mental health problems and disorders. Interventions should be offered by health-care professionals or trained counsellors; peer-group interventions were less effective. Programmes should be implemented in settings where patients receive their HIV-specific medical care. The present study provides evidence that substance use was a determinant of sexual risk behaviour in a sample of HIV-positive MSM in specialized medical care. However, there are some limitations.

Identification, isolation and cloning for novel genes at a reasonable pace is the main driving force behind the development of unprecedented experimental approaches (Vakhlu et al., 2008). Furthermore, 99.9% of the microbial species represented in any biotope are not culturable at the moment (Streit & Schmitz, 2004; Tringe et al., 2005), which highlights the limitation of any gene discovery protocol dependent on culturing (Vakhlu et al., 2008). Thus, the diversity of enzymes with special fundamental

functions, such as Na+/H+ antiporters that usually require purification from pure culture of a specific organism before analysis, is only partially understood at present. www.selleckchem.com/products/crenolanib-cp-868596.html Correspondingly, a large fraction of genes in the environment cannot be disclosed due to difficulties in enriching and isolating microorganisms in pure culture. Metagenomics, a culture-independent strategy, provides an access to valuable genetic resources of the microorganisms regardless of whether they can be cultured (Cowan et al., 2005; Guazzaroni et al., 2009). The various target genes have been screened by using a metagenomic library (Schmeisser

et al., 2007). In this study, we applied this methodology for the direct cloning of genes encoding Na+/H+ antiporters from the Dagong Ancient Brine Well by functional RGFP966 chemical structure complementation of antiporter-negative mutant strain. Our results demonstrated that metagenomic DNA libraries Acetophenone are also suitable for direct cloning of functional genes encoding integral membrane proteins from a brine environment. About 10 families of Na+/H+ antiporter genes have been identified in microorganisms in the past, including a single gene of nhaA, nhaB, nhaC, nhaD, nhaG, nhaP, nhaH and chA, and multiple subunits of Mrp antiporter and MnhABCDEFG system (Hunte et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2006). In these genes, only nhaH comes from the halophilic bacteria H. dabanensis D-8T and H. aidingensis AD-6T. Although the gene m-nha cloned in the current study also comes from the halophiles,

to our knowledge it was the first Na+/H+ antiporter gene directly mined by metagenomic technology from the halophiles colonizing a high-salt environment. In single subunit Na+/H+ transporter, it is shown that the negatively charged amino acid residue Asp, localized in the membrane-spanning regions, plays an important role in the binding and transporting of cations such as H+ and Na+ in several antiporter proteins (Majernik et al., 2001). Asp-133, Asp-163 and Asp-164 were proposed to be involved in binding sodium ions in NhaA from E. coli (Inoue et al., 1995). Asp-137 of Nha from H. dabanensis D-8Tand H. aidingensis AD-6T (Yang et al., 2006; Zou et al., 2008), Asp-138 of SynnhaP from Synechocystis sp., and Asp-139 of ApnhaP from A. halophytica were also believed to be necessary for Na+/H+ antiporter activity (Hamada et al., 2001; Waditee et al.

0% to the 16S Bcl-2 inhibitor rRNA gene sequence of strain MSSRF38T. The topology of the phylogenetic tree built using the maximum-parsimony algorithm was similar to those of the tree constructed using neighbour-joining analysis (Fig. 1). Recently, sequencing of housekeeping genes has been proved to be useful to determine the phylogenetic relationships among microorganisms. For the family Vibrionaceae, different loci, for example gapA, gyrB, recA, rpoA, pyrH, atpA and dnaJ, have been studied in the search for a useful phylogenetic marker capable of delineating Vibrio species (Thompson et al.,

2005; Ramesh Kumar & Nair, 2007; Sawabe et al., 2007; Rameshkumar et al., 2008). For the present analysis, we used four housekeeping genes, ftsZ, gyrB, gapA and mreB, in order to verify the taxonomic position of strain MSSRF38T. The phylogenetic tree based on ftsZ, gyrB,

gapA and mreB gene sequences confirmed the clustering of strain MSSRF38T along with the type strains of species of the V. gazogenes group with high bootstrap support values and revealed its distinct phylogenetic position (Figs S1–S4). Furthermore, sequence analysis of ftsZ, gyrB, gapA and mreB genes showed that strain MSSRF38T had relatively low gene similarities (<92%, <87%, <90% and <86%) to its closest relatives (Table 1), as all these similarity values were lower than the intraspecies variation in the genus Vibrio (Sawabe et al., 2007), indicating a separate species status for strain MSSRF38T. In addition, a multigene phylogenetic tree was constructed for strain MSSRF38T using these four genes (mreB, gyrB, gapA and ftsZ). This analysis also showed that the selleck compound strain MSSRF38T occupies a distinct phylogenetic position by not clustering with any type strain of the V. gazogenes group (Fig. 2). This result again reinforced our conclusion that strain MSSRF38T deserves the status of a separate species. Supporting our taxonomic conclusion on strain MSSRF38T, the level

of DNA relatedness between strain MSSRF38T and V. ruber DSM 16370T was 27.4% Protirelin (27.8%) and that between strain MSSRF38T and V. rhizosphaerae DSM 18581T was 12.1% (17.4%). The values in parentheses are the results of measurements in duplicate. This level of DNA relatedness is well below the recommended 70% genomic relatedness used to delineate species (Wayne et al., 1987). It can be concluded that strain MSSRF38T does not belong to those species. Because it was found that species with <97% similarity at the 16S rRNA gene sequence level show <70% genomic relatedness (Stackebrandt & Goebel, 1994), DNA–DNA hybridization with the type strains of other species of the V. gazogenes group was not included. Our study further confirms the fact that Vibrio strains that have housekeeping gene similarities lower than 95% (recA, pyrH, rpoA, mreB, gyrB, gapA and ftsZ) will have <70% DNA–DNA similarity (Thompson et al., 2004, 2005; Ramesh Kumar & Nair, 2007; Sawabe et al.