After alkoyxilane properties were evaluated, the chemical structures, surface groups, and morphology and distribution of alkoxysilanes within modified wood fibers were characterized CBL0137 mouse using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersed Xray analyzer (EDXA), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The study found that after modification, the moisture adsorption rate of wood fibers

had decreased and the surface hydrophobicity of the fibers had been promoted. The fibers modified with MTMS adsorbed the least amount of moisture. The study also found that while hydrolyzed silane penetrated into wood fibers and reacted with their chemical components, long chains of the silane hindered the degree of that penetration.”
“Purpose To describe 2 simple objective clinical methods of measuring the web position between fingers and to determine their intra-observer and inter-observer reliabilities. Methods Two observers examined the second,

third, and fourth web spaces on both hands of 30 adult healthy volunteers. The web index measured the web height as a relative ratio to constant anatomical. landmarks on both fingers subtending the web. The dorsal web index took reference from the distance between the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints, whereas the palmar web index was measured in relation to the distance between Smoothened Agonist concentration the most proximal basal digital and proximal interphalangeal joint creases. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ulixertinib-bvd-523-vrt752271.html The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to determine intra-observer and inter-observer reliability. Results Intraclass correlation coefficient values for intra-observer and inter-observer reliability were greater than 0.80, indicating excellent agreement. There was no statistically significant difference between the dorsal or palmar measurement methods

in terms of reliability. Conclusions The dorsal or palmar Measurement method may be reliably used in healthy adults to establish a web index that describes the web position. The palmar method is considered easier to perform. Copyright (C) 2015 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand. All rights reserved.”
“Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the influxation of synovia and synovial compartments with immune cells including dendritic cells (DCs). DCs that induce autoimmune tolerance are called tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs). As a promising immunotherapeutic strategy for RA, tolDCs have received increasing attention. In this review, we first introduce the significant role of tolDCs in autoimmune regulation and then describe the manipulation strategies to generate tolDCs; next, we summarize recent progress in the experimental application of tolDCs for RA therapy, and finally we discuss the perspectives of tolerogenic vaccination for the treatment for RA in clinic.

“
“Background: Urban health is of global concern because the majority of the world’s population lives in urban areas. Although mental health Selleckchem Oligomycin A problems (e.g. depression) in developing countries are highly prevalent, such issues are not yet adequately addressed in the rapidly urbanising megacities of these countries, where a growing number of residents live in slums.

Little is known about the spectrum of mental well-being in urban slums and only poor knowledge exists on health promotive socio-physical environments in these areas. Using a geo-epidemiological approach, the present study identified factors that contribute to the mental well-being in the slums of Dhaka, which currently accommodates an estimated population of more than 14 million, including 3.4 million slum dwellers.\n\nMethods: The baseline data of a cohort study conducted in early 2009 in nine slums of Dhaka were used.

Data were collected from 1,938 adults (>= 15 years). All respondents were geographically marked based on their households using global positioning systems (GPS). Very high-resolution land cover information was processed in a Geographic Information System (GIS) to obtain additional exposure information. We used a factor analysis to reduce the socio-physical explanatory variables to a fewer set of uncorrelated linear combinations of variables. We then regressed these factors on the WHO-5 Well-being Index that was used as a proxy for self-rated mental see more wellbeing.\n\nResults: Mental well-being was significantly associated with various factors such as selected features of the natural environment, flood risk, sanitation, housing quality, sufficiency and durability. We further identified associations with population density, job satisfaction, and income generation while controlling for individual P005091 solubility dmso factors such as age, gender, and diseases.\n\nConclusions: Factors determining mental well-being were related to the socio-physical environment

and individual level characteristics. Given that mental well-being is associated with physiological well-being, our study may provide crucial information for developing better health care and disease prevention programmes in slums of Dhaka and other comparable settings.”
“In this first principles study, we report the high storage capacity exhibited by (5,5) single-walled carbon nanotube functionalized with BH(3) for two different coverages. Being light weight and hydrogen rich, BH(3) is able to adsorb H(2) molecules in the vicinity of carbon nanotube. While BH(3) is chemisorbed on the carbon nanotube, H(2) are physisorbed on the (CNT+BH(3)) complex. On half coverage of BH(3) molecules, single-walled carbon nanotube can adsorb 6.8 wt% of hydrogen and the wt% is increased to 11.5 for full coverage. In both cases each BH(3) can bind up to 4H(2) molecules with the binding energy in the range recommended for efficient hydrogen storage medium. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V.

The relationship between the structural change and the change in decomposition behavior of glycine with rising temperature was then evaluated It was interpreted that the decarboxylation and the deamination were caused by the weakening of C-C bond and C-N bond as well as the strengthening of NH(3)(+)COO(-) interaction with rising temperature NSC23766 supplier (C) 2010 Elsevier B V. All rights reserved.”
“Cystic echinococcosis is a serious and neglected parasitic zoonosis that is regarded as an emerging disease world-wide.

Effective control of the disease is based on understanding the variability of Echinococcus granulosus (sensu lato), as genotypic characteristics may influence lifecycle patterns, development rate, and transmission. No molecular epidemiological research has previously been conducted to shed light on genotypes responsible for the disease in South Africa. To identify strains circulating in the country, parasite material

was collected from patients between August 2010 and September 2012 and analyzed by PCR/RFLP methods. A total of 32 samples was characterized as E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1-G3) (81%), E. canadensis (G6/7) (16%) and E. ortleppi (G5) (3%). Furthermore, two co-amplifying G6/7 genotypes were confirmed as G7 by sequencing. This is the first report on genotyping of Echinococcus species in South Africa, and, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of the G5 and G7 SCH727965 mw genotypes from humans in Africa. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“A 57-year-old woman with idiopathic premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) exhibiting a left bundle branch block and left inferior axis QRS morphology underwent electrophysiological testing.

Mapping revealed that the earliest ventricular activation times during the PVCs recorded on either side of the interventricular septum were the same and no excellent pace maps were reproduced at these sites. Successful radiofrequency catheter ablation was achieved in the right ventricular septum adjacent to the recording site of the His bundle electrogram. These findings suggested that the origin of this PVC was located in the intraventricular septum rather than the endocardial surface. (PACE 2012; 35:e108e111)”
“Objective. The pathogenesis of cardiac arrhythmias in asthma patients has LY411575 molecular weight not been fully elucidated. Adverse drug effects, particularly those of beta 2-mimetics, may play a role. The aim of this study was to determine whether asthma is associated with the risk of cardiac arrhythmias and electrocardiographic characteristics of arrhythmogenicity (ECG) and to explore the role of beta 2-mimetics. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 158 adult patients with a diagnosis of asthma and 6303 participants without asthma from the cohort of the Utrecht Health Project-an ongoing, longitudinal, primary care-based study.

Finally, no correlations were observed between each protein’s expression levels and tumor stage

or clinical nodal status. Conclusions: Reduced E-cadherin expression at the IF and its association with histological invasiveness suggest that this protein is a noteworthy EMT marker in OSCC. Although vimentin was also detected as an EMT marker, its expression was neither limited to the IF nor was it related to histological invasiveness.”
“The vestibulocollic (VCR) and cervicocollic (CCR) reflexes are essential to stabilize the head-neck system and to deal with unexpected disturbances. This study investigates VX-680 manufacturer how neck reflexes contribute to stabilization and modulate with perturbation properties. We hypothesized that VCR and CCR modulate with the bandwidth of the perturbation and that this modulation is maintained across amplitudes and influenced by the eyes being open or closed. Seated subjects were perturbed in an anterior-posterior direction. The Citarinostat nmr perturbations varied in bandwidth from 0.3 Hz to a maximum of 1.2, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 Hz, at three amplitudes, and with eyes open and closed. Frequency response functions of head kinematics and neck muscle EMG demonstrated substantial changes with bandwidth

and vision and minor changes with amplitude, which through closed-loop identification were attributed to neural (reflexive) modulation. Results suggest that both reflexes were attenuated when perturbations exceeded the system’s natural frequency, thereby shifting from a head-in-space to a head-on-trunk stabilization tendency. Additionally, results indicate that reflexive and mechanical stiffness marginally exceed the negative stiffness due to gravity; a stabilization strategy which minimizes effort. With eyes closed, reflexes were attenuated further, presumably due to a reduced ability to discriminate self-motion, driving the system to a head-on-trunk stabilization strategy at the highest bandwidth. We conclude that VCR and CCR

modulate with perturbation bandwidth and visual feedback Selleckchem HIF inhibitor conditions to maintain head-upright posture, but are invariant across amplitude changes.”
“Objective: To assess the association between purpose in life and all-cause mortality in community-dwelling elderly persons. Methods: We used data from 1238 older persons without dementia from two longitudinal cohort studies (Rush Memory and Aging Project and Minority Aging Research Study) with baseline evaluations of purpose in life and up to 5 years of follow-up to test the hypothesis that greater purpose in life is associated with a reduced risk of mortality among community-dwelling older persons. Results: The mean +/- standard deviation score on the purpose in life measure at baseline was 3.7 +/- 0.5 (range = 2-5), with higher scores indicating greater purpose in life. During the 5-year follow-up (mean = 2.7 years), 151 of 1238 persons (12.2%) died.

The results confirmed the retention of immunoreactive dots for PRICKLE1

in the cytoplasm of secretory ameloblasts of colchicine-injected animals, but fewer dots were observed in control animals. These results suggest that PRICKLE1 and PRICKLE2 are transported as vesicles to the junctional area, and are involved in pattern formation of distal junctional complexes and terminal webs of ameloblasts, further implying a role in the formed enamel rod arrangement.”
“Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that direct and indirect cannabinoid agonists, including enhancers of endocannabinoids, engender stress-relieving, QNZ supplier anxiolytic and antidepressant effects, mediated by central CB1 receptors (CB(1)Rs). The effect of the main pharmacologically active principle in cannabis, (-)-trans-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC), on depressive behavior and on the serotonin (5-HT) system, which is implicated in the mechanism of action of antidepressants, has not been extensively clarified. Here, we showed that repeated (5 days), but not single

(acute) intraperitoneal (ip) treatment with delta-9-THC (1 mg/kg) exerts antidepressant-like properties in the rat forced swim test (FST). This effect was CB1R-dependent because it was AMN-107 blocked by the CB1R antagonist rimonabant (1 mg/kg, ip). Using in vivo electrophysiology, we demonstrated that delta-9-THC modulated dorsal raphe (DR) 5-HT neuronal activity through

a CB1R-dependent mechanism. Acute intravenous delta-9-THC administration (0.1-1.5 mg/kg) elicited a complex response profile, producing excitatory, inhibitory and inert responses of 5-HT neurons. Only excitatory responses were blocked by rimonabant. Finally, repeated but not single delta-9-THC administration (1 mg/kg, ip) enhanced tonic 5-HT1A receptor activity in the hippocampus, a postsynaptic event commonly elicited by standard antidepressants. These results suggest that delta-9-THC, like other CB1R agonists and endocannabinoid enhancers, may possess antidepressant properties at low doses, and could modulate 5-HT transmission in the DR and hippocampus as standard antidepressants CBL0137 mw such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“OBJECTIVEDiabetes damages major organ systems through disrupted glycemic control and increased inflammation. The effects of diabetes on the lung have been of interest for decades, but the modest reduction in pulmonary function and its nonprogressive nature have limited its investigation. A recent systematic review found that diabetes was associated with reductions in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide of the lung and increased FEV1/FVC. They reported pooled results including few smokers.

Especially, it is the first report of Z. mobilis strain that could tolerate higher furfural. The best strain, Panobinostat order Z. mobilis ZMF3-3, has showed 94.84 % theoretical ethanol yield under 3-g/l furfural stress condition, and the theoretical ethanol yield of ZM4 is only 9.89 %. Our study also demonstrated that ALE method might also be used as a powerful metabolic engineering tool for metabolic

engineering in Z. mobilis. Furthermore, the two best strains could be used as novel host for further metabolic engineering in cellulosic ethanol or future biorefinery. Importantly, the two strains may also be used as novel-tolerant model organisms for the genetic mechanism on the “omics” level, which will provide some useful information for inverse metabolic engineering.”
“Clinical tumor remissions after adoptive AZD9291 clinical trial T-cell therapy are frequently not durable due to limited survival and homing of transfused tumor-reactive T cells, what can be mainly attributed to the long-term culture necessary for in vitro expansion. Here, we introduce an approach allowing the reliable in vitro generation of leukemia-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) from naive CD8(+) T cells of healthy donors, leading to high cell numbers within a relatively short culture period. The protocol includes the stimulation of purified CD45RA(+) CD8(+) T cells with primary acute myeloid leukemia

blasts of patient origin in HLA-class I-matched allogeneic mixed lymphocyte-leukemia cultures. The procedure allowed the isolation of a large diversity of HLA-A/-B/-C-restricted leukemia-reactive CTL clones and oligoclonal lines. CTLs showed reactivity to either leukemia blasts exclusively, or to leukemia blasts as AC220 well as patient-derived B lymphoblastoid-cell lines (LCLs). In contrast, LCLs of donor origin were not lysed. This reactivity pattern suggested that CTLs recognized leukemia-associated antigens or hematopoietic

minor histocompatibility antigens. Consistent with this hypothesis, most CTLs did not react with patient-derived fibroblasts. The efficiency of the protocol could be further increased by addition of interleukin-21 during primary in vitro stimulation. Most importantly, leukemia-reactive CTLs retained the expression of early T-cell differentiation markers CD27, CD28, CD62L and CD127 for several weeks during culture. The effective in vitro expansion of leukemia-reactive CD8(+) CTLs from naive CD45RA(+) precursors of healthy donors can accelerate the molecular definition of candidate leukemia antigens and might be of potential use for the development of adoptive CTL therapy in leukemia.”
“Individuals with congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) have recessive mutations in genes required for protein N-glycosylation, resulting in multi-systemic disease.

The typical error was very small and two times smaller

in the Modelflow aortic age (< 7%) than in static systemic arterial stiffness (> 13%) during cardiac unloading by lower body negative pressure. The Modelflow aortic age can more precisely and reliably estimate aortic stiffening with aging and modifiers, such as life-long exercise training compared with the pressure-dependent index of static systemic arterial stiffness, and provides a physiologically relevant and clinically compelling context for such measurements.”
“Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-pathology may play a role in Parkinson’s disease (PD)-related dementia (PDD). The aim of this study was to assess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of tau, phospho-tau, and beta-amyloid, proposed AD biomarkers, and their relationship with cognitive function in PD. Forty

PD patients [20 nondemented (PDND); 20 PDD] and 30 controls underwent CSF tau, phospho-tau, and beta-amyloid BMS-754807 nmr analysis using specific ELISA techniques. All PD patients and 15 controls underwent neuropsychological testing of fronto-subcortical (attention, fluency) and neocortical (memory, naming, visuoperceptive) functions. CSF markers levels were compared between groups, and compared and correlated with neuropsychological measures in PDND and PDD separately and as a continuum (PD). CSF tau and phospho-tau were higher in PDD than in PDND and controls (P < 0.05). CSF beta-amyloid ranged from high (controls) to intermediate (PDND) and low (PDD) levels (P < 0.001). In all PD and PDD patients, high CSF tau and phospho-tau were associated with impaired memory and naming. In PDND, CSF AS1842856 datasheet beta-amyloid was related with phonetic fluency. These findings suggest underlying AD-pathology in PDD in association this website with cortical cognitive dysfunction, and that low CSF beta-amyloid in PDND patients with impaired phonetic fluency call constitute ail early marker of cognitive dysfunction. (C) 2009 Movement Disorder

Society”
“In Alzheimer disease (AD), the intracerebral accumulation of amyloid-beta (A beta) peptides is a critical yet poorly understood process. A beta clearance via the blood-brain barrier is reduced by approximately 30% in AD patients, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. ABC transporters have been implicated in the regulation of A beta levels in the brain. Using a mouse model of AD in which the animals were further genetically modified to lack specific ABC transporters, here we have shown that the transporter ABCC1 has an important role in cerebral A beta clearance and accumulation. Deficiency of ABCC1 substantially increased cerebral A beta levels without altering the expression of most enzymes that would favor the production of A beta from the A beta precursor protein. In contrast, activation of ABCC1 using thiethylperazine (a drug approved by the FDA to relieve nausea and vomiting) markedly reduced A beta load in a mouse model of AD expressing ABCC1 but not in such mice lacking ABCC1.

[http://0-dx.doi.org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1063/1.4790802]“
“Background: Individuals living in poverty are more likely to smoke, and they suffer disproportionately from

tobacco use. Strategies used to deliver tobacco-cessation interventions often fail to reach smokers living in poverty. Providing tobacco interventions to smokers when they present to community organizations is a potential strategy, but the acceptability and effectiveness of such interventions is unknown.\n\nMethods: In this 2007 pilot study, 295 smokers seeking emergency assistance from the Salvation Army in Wisconsin were randomly assigned to either a very brief (30-second) smoking intervention condition or to a control no-intervention condition. All participants completed a follow-up survey at the end of their visit assessing their satisfaction with the community agency, interest in quitting, and motivation to quit.\n\nResults: This brief intervention Selleckchem C59 increased the likelihood that smokers would seek help when they decided YH25448 in vivo to quit (61% vs 44%, p<0.05) but did not affect intention to quit in the next 6 months or perceived difficulty of quitting. The intervention

was well received by both participants and Salvation Army staff.\n\nConclusions: Smokers in this pilot study found it acceptable to have their smoking addressed when seeking services from a community agency. Such interventions may need to be more intense than the one used in this study in order to achieve the goal of increased motivation to quit. Community agencies should consider including brief tobacco-dependence this website interventions as a secondary mission to improve their clients’ health. (Am J Prev Med 2010;38(3S):S397-S402) (C) 2010 American journal of Preventive Medicine”
“PURPOSE: To evaluate long-term effects of multiple intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections on intraocular pressure (IOP) in eyes

with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or retinal vein occlusion (RVO). DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: This study enrolled patients who underwent multiple (more than 3) intravitreal anti-VEGF injections and who were followed for more than 12 months after their last injection. IOP elevation was defined as an increase of 5 mm Hg over the baseline measurement on 2 consecutive visits. The frequency of IOP elevation was determined. A hazard ratio of each putative risk factor for IOP elevation was calculated using the Cox proportional hazard model for all participants, incorporating underlying disease as a covariate, as well as for each cohort. RESULTS: Included in the analysis were 629 eyes with neovascular AMD and 95 eyes with RVO. Twenty eyes with neovascular AMD (3.0%) and 7 eyes with RVO (7.4%) experienced IOP elevation after multiple anti-VEGF injections, with an overall incidence of 3.7%. In the Cox proportional hazard analysis of total participants, a diagnosis of RVO (3.424, P = 0.005), a history of glaucoma (8.441, P = 0.

Phenolics content of the untreated

cubes was 21.16 mg GAE/100 g on day-0, whereas treated samples had higher contents – 70.82, 40.58, and 25.98 mg GAE/100 g in AA-CA-Ca, SAS, and IR-5 samples, respectively. Similarly, antioxidant activities (ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, ORAC) generally increased with all treatments, this effect was more pronounced with AA-CA-Ca. Total phenolics and antioxidant activities were stable during 12-day storage at 4 degrees C. Cubes treated with AA-CA-Ca showed consistently better color and firmness than the control and other two treatments. Storage time and treatments showed a mixed trend on pH, soluble solids, acidity, and sugar-acid ratio. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. selleck products All rights reserved.”
“As an infrared Raman probe, the molecule 3,3′-diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide (DTTC) has received learn more much

attention in the past decades due to its potential applications in Raman imaging, single-cell detection, cancer diagnosis, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). In this work, ordinary Raman, SERS, and theoretical Raman spectra were investigated to estimate the DTTC suspension. More specifically, the original gold nanospheres (60 nm diameter) and gold nanorods were encoded with DTTC and stabilized with a layer of thiol-polyethylene glycol as Raman reporter; SERS data were also obtained from the samples. Hartree-Fock theory and density functional theory (DFT) calculation were applied to calculate the optimized Raman spectra of DTTC in water on the B3LYP/6-31G level. Subsequently, the obtained experimental spectra from DTTC were carefully compared with the theoretically calculated spectra, and good agreement was obtained between the theoretical and experimental results. The bands between 500 and 3100 cm(-1) in the ordinary Raman and SERS spectra were assigned as well. This work will facilitate the development of ultrasensitive Etomoxir nmr SERS probes for advanced biomedical imaging applications. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons,”
“The goals of this cross-sectional study were to (a) describe the prevalence

of 5 basic social needs in a cohort of parents attending an urban teaching hospital-based pediatric clinic, (b) assess parental attitudes toward seeking assistance from their child’s provider, and (c) examine resident providers’ attitudes and behaviors toward addressing these needs. Parents (n = 100) reported a median of 2 basic needs at the pediatric visit. The most common was employment (52%), followed by education (34%), child care 19%), food (16%), and h(;using (10%). Most parents (67%) had positive attitudes toward requesting assistance from their child’s pediatrician. The majority of resident providers (91%) believed in the importance of addressing social needs; however, few reported routinely screening for these needs (range, 11% to 18%). There is great potential for assisting low-income parents within the medical home.

Among the overexpressed proteins, 23 proteins were related to DNA replication and repair. These included high-mobility group box 2 (HMGB2) protein, which was overexpressed in all three HNSCC lines

studied. Overexpression of HMGB2 has been reported in various cancers, yet its role in HNSCC remains unclear. Immunohistochemical labeling of HMGB2 in a panel of HNSCC tumors using tissue microarrays revealed overexpression in 77% (54 of 70) of tumors. Torin 2 The HMGB proteins are known to bind to DNA structure resulting from cisplatin-DNA adducts and affect the chemosensitivity of cells. We observed that siRNA-mediated silencing of HMGB2 increased the sensitivity of the HNSCC cell lines to cisplatin and 5-FU. We hypothesize that targeting HMGB2 could enhance the efficacy of existing chemotherapeutic

regimens for treatment of HNSCC. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000737 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD000737).”
“We present an optimized and validated liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method RG-7388 purchase for the simultaneous measurement of concentrations of different ceramide species in biological samples. The method of analysis of tissue samples is based on Bligh and Dyer extraction, reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography separation, and multiple reaction monitoring of ceramides. Preparation of plasma samples also requires isolation of sphingolipids by silica gel column chromatography prior to LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. The limits of quantification were in a range of 0.01-0.50 ng/ml for distinct ceramides. The method was reliable for inter- and intraassay precision,

accuracy, and linearity. Recoveries of ceramide subspecies from human plasma, rat liver, https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk923295.html and muscle tissue were 78 to 91%, 70 to 99%, and 71 to 95%, respectively. The separation and quantification of several endogenous long-chain and very-long-chain ceramides using two nonphysiological odd chain ceramide (C17 and C25) internal standards was achieved within a single 21-min chromatographic run. The technique was applied to quantify distinct ceramide species in different rat tissues (muscle, liver, and heart) and in human plasma. Using this analytical technique, we demonstrated that a clinical exercise training intervention reduces the levels of ceramides in plasma of obese adults. This technique could be extended for quantification of other ceramides and sphingolipids with no significant modification. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Objective. Congenital arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in the maxillofacial region are rare, potentially life-threatening, vascular lesions.